1 00:00:00,767 --> 00:00:02,435 >> "HOUSTON, WE HAVE A PODCAST." 2 00:00:02,435 --> 00:00:03,436 WELCOME TO THE OFFICIAL 3 00:00:03,436 --> 00:00:04,504 PODCAST OF THE NASA 4 00:00:04,504 --> 00:00:05,472 JOHNSON SPACE CENTER, 5 00:00:05,472 --> 00:00:07,374 EPISODE 63, "REACH NEW HEIGHTS 6 00:00:07,374 --> 00:00:08,775 "AND REVEAL THE UNKNOWN." 7 00:00:08,775 --> 00:00:09,809 I'M GARY JORDAN, AND I'LL BE 8 00:00:09,809 --> 00:00:10,810 YOUR HOST TODAY. 9 00:00:10,810 --> 00:00:11,678 SO IF YOU'RE NEW TO THE SHOW, 10 00:00:11,678 --> 00:00:12,812 WE BRING IN EXPERTS TO TALK 11 00:00:12,812 --> 00:00:13,847 ABOUT ALL THE COOLEST PARTS 12 00:00:13,847 --> 00:00:14,647 ABOUT WHAT'S GOING ON 13 00:00:14,647 --> 00:00:15,815 RIGHT HERE AT NASA. 14 00:00:15,815 --> 00:00:16,950 NOW, THE PODCAST IS NORMALLY 15 00:00:16,950 --> 00:00:17,951 AN AUDIO SHOW. 16 00:00:17,951 --> 00:00:18,685 BUT WE DID SOMETHING 17 00:00:18,685 --> 00:00:20,587 A LITTLE EXTRA FOR THIS EPISODE. 18 00:00:20,587 --> 00:00:21,354 JUST RECENTLY, WE HAD 19 00:00:21,354 --> 00:00:22,188 A SPECIAL VISIT FROM 20 00:00:22,188 --> 00:00:24,023 VICE PRESIDENT MIKE PENCE, 21 00:00:24,023 --> 00:00:25,458 WHO ADDRESSED AN EXCITING FUTURE 22 00:00:25,458 --> 00:00:26,726 FOR US HERE AT NASA. 23 00:00:26,726 --> 00:00:27,761 AND WHILE HE WAS HERE, I WAS 24 00:00:27,761 --> 00:00:28,795 LUCKY ENOUGH TO SIT DOWN 25 00:00:28,795 --> 00:00:30,096 AND CHAT WITH SOME OF NASA'S 26 00:00:30,096 --> 00:00:31,664 LEADERS ABOUT THIS FUTURE. 27 00:00:31,664 --> 00:00:32,932 SO OUR GUESTS ON "HOUSTON, 28 00:00:32,932 --> 00:00:34,367 "WE HAVE A PODCAST" TODAY ARE 29 00:00:34,367 --> 00:00:36,636 JIM BRIDENSTINE AND MARK GEYER. 30 00:00:36,636 --> 00:00:38,271 MR. BRIDENSTINE IS THE 13TH 31 00:00:38,271 --> 00:00:39,606 ADMINISTRATOR OF NASA, 32 00:00:39,606 --> 00:00:41,941 SWORN IN ON APRIL 23, 2018. 33 00:00:41,941 --> 00:00:43,276 AND MR. GEYER IS THE 12TH 34 00:00:43,276 --> 00:00:44,477 DIRECTOR OF THE JOHNSON 35 00:00:44,477 --> 00:00:45,378 SPACE CENTER, AS OF 36 00:00:45,378 --> 00:00:47,480 MAY 25, 2018. 37 00:00:47,480 --> 00:00:48,348 WE HAD A GREAT DISCUSSION 38 00:00:48,348 --> 00:00:49,382 ABOUT THIS VERY EXCITING 39 00:00:49,382 --> 00:00:50,583 PERIOD WE'RE IN FOR HUMAN 40 00:00:50,583 --> 00:00:51,918 SPACE FLIGHT, AND WHAT IT MEANS 41 00:00:51,918 --> 00:00:53,219 FOR US HERE AT HOUSTON. 42 00:00:53,219 --> 00:00:54,888 WE DISCUSS NASA AS A WHOLE, 43 00:00:54,888 --> 00:00:56,022 COMMERCIAL CREW, 44 00:00:56,022 --> 00:00:57,257 THE COMMERCIALIZATION OF SPACE, 45 00:00:57,257 --> 00:00:58,925 AND THE MISSION AND DIRECTION 46 00:00:58,925 --> 00:01:00,827 OF AMERICA'S SPACE AGENCY. 47 00:01:00,827 --> 00:01:01,861 SO WITH NO FURTHER DELAY, 48 00:01:01,861 --> 00:01:02,829 LET'S JUMP RIGHT AHEAD TO 49 00:01:02,829 --> 00:01:04,297 OUR TALK WITH NASA ADMINISTRATOR 50 00:01:04,297 --> 00:01:06,232 JIM BRIDENSTINE, AND DIRECTOR 51 00:01:06,232 --> 00:01:07,634 OF THE JOHNSON SPACE CENTER, 52 00:01:07,634 --> 00:01:08,735 MARK GEYER. 53 00:01:08,735 --> 00:01:09,869 ENJOY. 54 00:01:11,304 --> 00:01:19,145 [ MUSIC ] 55 00:01:19,145 --> 00:01:20,013 >> T-MINUS 5 SECONDS 56 00:01:20,013 --> 00:01:23,116 AND COUNTING-- MARK. 57 00:01:23,116 --> 00:01:24,284 MISSION START. 58 00:01:24,284 --> 00:01:25,351 T-0-- ALL LAUNCH COMMAND 59 00:01:25,351 --> 00:01:26,352 LIGHTS ARE GREEN. 60 00:01:26,352 --> 00:01:27,387 OH, THERE SHE GOES. 61 00:01:27,387 --> 00:01:29,422 "HOUSTON, WE HAVE A PODCAST." 62 00:01:30,356 --> 00:01:33,660 [ MUSIC ] 63 00:01:33,660 --> 00:01:34,494 >> JIM AND MARK, THANK YOU 64 00:01:34,494 --> 00:01:35,295 SO MUCH FOR COMING 65 00:01:35,295 --> 00:01:35,995 ON THE PODCAST TODAY. 66 00:01:35,995 --> 00:01:37,564 THIS IS SUCH AN EXCITING DAY, 67 00:01:37,564 --> 00:01:39,132 BUT ALSO JUST AN EXCITING TIME 68 00:01:39,132 --> 00:01:40,233 FOR US HERE AT THE AGENCY. 69 00:01:40,233 --> 00:01:40,867 SO I APPRECIATE 70 00:01:40,867 --> 00:01:41,601 YOU COMING ON TODAY. 71 00:01:41,601 --> 00:01:42,402 >> GREAT TO BE HERE. 72 00:01:42,402 --> 00:01:43,336 >> YEAH, THANKS. 73 00:01:43,336 --> 00:01:44,938 >> SO-SO JUST TO SORT OF RECAP 74 00:01:44,938 --> 00:01:46,039 THE EVENTS OF TODAY, WE HAD 75 00:01:46,039 --> 00:01:47,507 VICE PRESIDENT MIKE PENCE 76 00:01:47,507 --> 00:01:48,708 HERE, UH, TO ADDRESS 77 00:01:48,708 --> 00:01:50,477 SOME FANTASTIC MISSIONS 78 00:01:50,477 --> 00:01:51,544 AND-AND OPPORTUNITIES THAT 79 00:01:51,544 --> 00:01:52,779 WE HAVE HERE AT NASA 80 00:01:52,779 --> 00:01:53,746 TO LOOK FORWARD TO. 81 00:01:53,746 --> 00:01:54,814 IS-- I'M-- THAT'S WHAT I-- 82 00:01:54,814 --> 00:01:55,648 I REALLY MEAN, 83 00:01:55,648 --> 00:01:56,783 "IT'S AN EXCITING TIME." 84 00:01:56,783 --> 00:01:57,584 SO IF WE CAN JUST GIVE, 85 00:01:57,584 --> 00:01:59,085 LIKE, A QUICK SUMMARY, UH, 86 00:01:59,085 --> 00:02:00,253 JIM, IF YOU WANT TO-- 87 00:02:00,253 --> 00:02:01,054 >> YOU BET. 88 00:02:01,054 --> 00:02:01,888 >> --UH, FOR WHAT WAS 89 00:02:01,888 --> 00:02:02,722 SAID TODAY. 90 00:02:02,722 --> 00:02:04,090 >> SO IT WAS, UH-- IT WAS 91 00:02:04,090 --> 00:02:05,358 HIS OPPORTUNITY TO COME 92 00:02:05,358 --> 00:02:06,993 AND LAY OUT, FOR THE FOLKS HERE 93 00:02:06,993 --> 00:02:08,294 AT THE JOHNSON SPACE CENTER, 94 00:02:08,294 --> 00:02:09,362 BUT ALSO, FOR EVERYBODY 95 00:02:09,362 --> 00:02:11,131 WHO WORKS AT NASA NATIONALLY-- 96 00:02:11,131 --> 00:02:11,831 >> MM-HMM. 97 00:02:11,831 --> 00:02:13,600 >> --UH, REALLY HIS VISION FOR 98 00:02:13,600 --> 00:02:15,802 CIVIL SPACE, FOR OUR JOURNEY 99 00:02:15,802 --> 00:02:16,936 BACK TO THE MOON, FOR 100 00:02:16,936 --> 00:02:18,738 COMMERCIALIZING LOW EARTH ORBIT, 101 00:02:18,738 --> 00:02:21,207 UH, FOR BUILDING SLS AND ORION, 102 00:02:21,207 --> 00:02:22,208 TO GET HUMANS DEEPER 103 00:02:22,208 --> 00:02:24,077 INTO SPACE THAN EVER BEFORE. 104 00:02:24,077 --> 00:02:25,712 UM, AND REALLY GET, UH-- 105 00:02:25,712 --> 00:02:27,480 GET THE-- GET NASA 106 00:02:27,480 --> 00:02:29,516 AND ITS WORKFORCE ENTHUSED ABOUT 107 00:02:29,516 --> 00:02:31,017 THE NEXT CHAPTER OF 108 00:02:31,017 --> 00:02:32,385 HUMANS IN SPACE. 109 00:02:32,385 --> 00:02:34,654 AND SO, UM, I WOULD, UH, 110 00:02:34,654 --> 00:02:35,655 I WOULD SAY, BASED ON 111 00:02:35,655 --> 00:02:37,090 HIS-HIS SPEECH TODAY, 112 00:02:37,090 --> 00:02:37,957 I-I THINK-- I THINK 113 00:02:37,957 --> 00:02:39,359 IT WAS EFFECTIVE. 114 00:02:39,359 --> 00:02:40,126 [ LAUGHS ] 115 00:02:40,126 --> 00:02:41,194 >> I ABSOLUTELY AGREE. 116 00:02:41,194 --> 00:02:41,961 AND HE WAS HERE 117 00:02:41,961 --> 00:02:42,929 AT THE JOHNSON SPACE CENTER 118 00:02:42,929 --> 00:02:43,730 BECAUSE WE DO PLAY 119 00:02:43,730 --> 00:02:44,664 AN INTEGRAL ROLE. 120 00:02:44,664 --> 00:02:45,665 SO MARK, WHAT IS-- WHAT IS 121 00:02:45,665 --> 00:02:46,432 THE ROLE OF THE JOHNSON 122 00:02:46,432 --> 00:02:47,767 SPACE CENTER IN ALL OF THIS? 123 00:02:47,767 --> 00:02:49,669 >> SO JOHNSON HAS, IN THE PAST, 124 00:02:49,669 --> 00:02:50,837 AND STILL, PLAYS 125 00:02:50,837 --> 00:02:52,438 AN INCREDIBLE CORE ROLE 126 00:02:52,438 --> 00:02:53,439 TO HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT. 127 00:02:53,439 --> 00:02:54,140 >> MM-HMM. 128 00:02:54,140 --> 00:02:55,408 >> SO WE DO-- OF COURSE, WE DO 129 00:02:55,408 --> 00:02:56,142 THE OBVIOUS THINGS-- 130 00:02:56,142 --> 00:02:57,844 THE ASTRONAUTS ARE TRAINED 131 00:02:57,844 --> 00:03:00,179 AND PICKED AND FLOWN FROM HERE. 132 00:03:00,179 --> 00:03:01,481 WE DO OPERATIONS, 133 00:03:01,481 --> 00:03:02,916 SO WE CONTROL THE SPACECRAFT 134 00:03:02,916 --> 00:03:03,917 AND WORK WITH THE CREWS HERE 135 00:03:03,917 --> 00:03:05,351 IN-IN MISSION OPERATIONS. 136 00:03:05,351 --> 00:03:07,287 AND THEN, ALSO, WE DO 137 00:03:07,287 --> 00:03:09,455 DESIGN WORK, UH, LIKE ORION, 138 00:03:09,455 --> 00:03:11,090 PROGRAMS LIKE ORION. 139 00:03:11,090 --> 00:03:12,225 WE MANAGE PROGRAMS LIKE 140 00:03:12,225 --> 00:03:14,894 SPACE STATION, WHICH TIES, UH, 141 00:03:14,894 --> 00:03:15,995 THE WORLD TOGETHER, 142 00:03:15,995 --> 00:03:17,463 ON AN INCREDIBLE PROGRAM. 143 00:03:17,463 --> 00:03:18,331 THEN WE DO HUMAN HEALTH 144 00:03:18,331 --> 00:03:19,299 AND PERFORMANCE, WHICH IS 145 00:03:19,299 --> 00:03:21,367 PART OF SEEING HOW THE BODY 146 00:03:21,367 --> 00:03:22,769 BEHAVES IN SPACE, WHICH 147 00:03:22,769 --> 00:03:23,703 KIND OF TIES TO OUR WORK 148 00:03:23,703 --> 00:03:25,138 WITH ASTRONAUTS. 149 00:03:25,138 --> 00:03:26,105 AND THEN WHAT-WHAT WAS GREAT 150 00:03:26,105 --> 00:03:26,973 ABOUT THE VISIT TODAY, 151 00:03:26,973 --> 00:03:28,808 I THINK, WAS HE ALSO VISITED, 152 00:03:28,808 --> 00:03:30,109 UH, THE CURATION FACILITY-- 153 00:03:30,109 --> 00:03:31,044 >> THAT'S RIGHT. 154 00:03:31,044 --> 00:03:32,011 >> --WHICH IS WHERE IN THE-- 155 00:03:32,011 --> 00:03:33,379 REALLY, IN THE UNITED STATES, 156 00:03:33,379 --> 00:03:34,547 WHENEVER WE BRING SAMPLES BACK 157 00:03:34,547 --> 00:03:36,282 FROM OTHER WORLDS, THEY COME 158 00:03:36,282 --> 00:03:37,483 HERE TO THE-- TO THE JOHNSON 159 00:03:37,483 --> 00:03:38,484 SPACE CENTER. 160 00:03:38,484 --> 00:03:39,218 SO THAT'S A KEY PIECE, 161 00:03:39,218 --> 00:03:39,919 I THINK, A LOT OF PEOPLE 162 00:03:39,919 --> 00:03:40,853 FORGET THAT WE DO. 163 00:03:40,853 --> 00:03:41,554 >> YEAH. 164 00:03:41,554 --> 00:03:42,288 A HUGE ARRAY OF ACTIVITIES, 165 00:03:42,288 --> 00:03:43,156 A LOT OF IT DEALING WITH 166 00:03:43,156 --> 00:03:44,691 RESEARCH, AND SORT OF TRYING 167 00:03:44,691 --> 00:03:45,925 TO UNDERSTAND WHAT WE NEED 168 00:03:45,925 --> 00:03:47,060 TO KNOW TO GO OUT FURTHER 169 00:03:47,060 --> 00:03:47,961 INTO SPACE. 170 00:03:47,961 --> 00:03:48,695 >> EXACTLY. 171 00:03:48,695 --> 00:03:49,395 >> AND THEN THE ACTUAL 172 00:03:49,395 --> 00:03:50,530 TECHNOLOGIES BEHIND THAT. 173 00:03:50,530 --> 00:03:51,564 UH, JIM, YOU WERE-- YOU WERE, 174 00:03:51,564 --> 00:03:52,932 UM, A-APPOINTED, UH, 175 00:03:52,932 --> 00:03:54,500 VERY RECENTLY HERE. 176 00:03:54,500 --> 00:03:56,102 SO YOU'VE BEEN-- WHEN-WHEN 177 00:03:56,102 --> 00:03:56,903 YOU FIRST CAME ON, YOU SAID 178 00:03:56,903 --> 00:03:58,905 YOU RECOGNIZE NASA AS A FAMILY. 179 00:03:58,905 --> 00:03:59,706 >> YEAH. 180 00:03:59,706 --> 00:04:00,473 >> UM, NOW THAT YOU'VE BEEN 181 00:04:00,473 --> 00:04:01,107 HERE A COUPLE MONTHS, 182 00:04:01,107 --> 00:04:01,808 DO YOU FEEL LIKE 183 00:04:01,808 --> 00:04:02,475 YOU'RE PART OF THE FAMILY? 184 00:04:02,475 --> 00:04:03,343 >> WITHOUT QUESTION. 185 00:04:03,343 --> 00:04:05,778 UH, FOLKS HAVE BEEN JUST SO, 186 00:04:05,778 --> 00:04:07,347 UH, WELCOMING AND NICE. 187 00:04:07,347 --> 00:04:08,915 UH, IN FACT, I HAD MY FAMILY 188 00:04:08,915 --> 00:04:10,283 HERE AT THE JOHNSON SPACE CENTER 189 00:04:10,283 --> 00:04:11,851 JUST A COUPLE OF WEEKS AGO. 190 00:04:11,851 --> 00:04:13,720 UM, AND WHAT AN AMAZING 191 00:04:13,720 --> 00:04:14,988 OPPORTUNITY FOR MY KIDS, 192 00:04:14,988 --> 00:04:16,189 TO BE ABLE TO INTERACT WITH 193 00:04:16,189 --> 00:04:17,390 THE BRILLIANT FOLKS THAT ARE 194 00:04:17,390 --> 00:04:19,258 HERE, AND, UM, REALLY-- 195 00:04:19,258 --> 00:04:20,460 HAVE THE-- HAVE A CHANCE 196 00:04:20,460 --> 00:04:21,394 TO SPEND TIME WITH 197 00:04:21,394 --> 00:04:22,729 SOME OF THE SMARTEST MINDS 198 00:04:22,729 --> 00:04:24,163 IN OUR COUNTRY. 199 00:04:24,163 --> 00:04:26,332 UM, SO YEAH, IT-IT HAS BEEN-- 200 00:04:26,332 --> 00:04:27,300 IT HAS REALLY FELT LIKE 201 00:04:27,300 --> 00:04:28,101 A FAMILY. 202 00:04:28,101 --> 00:04:29,035 AND-AND HAVING MY FAMILY HERE 203 00:04:29,035 --> 00:04:31,137 REALLY, UH, I THINK, UH, 204 00:04:31,137 --> 00:04:32,171 SOLIDIFIED THAT. 205 00:04:32,171 --> 00:04:32,739 >> THAT'S RIGHT. 206 00:04:32,739 --> 00:04:33,673 SO YOU'VE BEEN-- YOU'VE BEEN 207 00:04:33,673 --> 00:04:34,974 A PROPONENT FOR SPACE FLIGHT 208 00:04:34,974 --> 00:04:37,243 AND-AND NASA, JUST IN GENERAL, 209 00:04:37,243 --> 00:04:38,411 EVEN THROUGHOUT YOUR CAREER. 210 00:04:38,411 --> 00:04:39,212 NOW, COMING HERE AND BEING 211 00:04:39,212 --> 00:04:40,880 PART OF NASA, WHEN SOMEONE 212 00:04:40,880 --> 00:04:42,615 COMES UP TO YOU NOW AND SAYS, 213 00:04:42,615 --> 00:04:44,017 "WHAT DOES NASA DO?" 214 00:04:44,017 --> 00:04:45,218 KNOWING-KNOWING KIND OF, 215 00:04:45,218 --> 00:04:46,986 WHAT WE DO FROM THE INSIDE NOW-- 216 00:04:46,986 --> 00:04:47,720 >> YOU BET. 217 00:04:47,720 --> 00:04:48,588 >> --WHAT DO YOU SAY? 218 00:04:48,588 --> 00:04:50,223 >> WE INCREASE THE AWESOME. 219 00:04:50,223 --> 00:04:51,257 THAT'S WHAT WE DO. 220 00:04:51,257 --> 00:04:52,158 [ LAUGHS ] 221 00:04:52,158 --> 00:04:52,825 >> I LOVE IT. 222 00:04:52,825 --> 00:04:53,893 >> AS A-- WE-WE ARE A PART OF 223 00:04:53,893 --> 00:04:54,694 THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT 224 00:04:54,694 --> 00:04:55,962 THAT WORKS ON REALLY, 225 00:04:55,962 --> 00:04:57,630 REALLY AWESOME THINGS. 226 00:04:57,630 --> 00:04:58,431 >> YEAH. 227 00:04:58,431 --> 00:05:00,400 >> AND, UM, YOU KNOW, 228 00:05:00,400 --> 00:05:02,268 THE-- MY-MY JOB, AS THE NASA 229 00:05:02,268 --> 00:05:04,037 ADMINISTRATOR, IS REALLY 230 00:05:04,037 --> 00:05:05,538 FOCUSED ON MAKING SURE THAT 231 00:05:05,538 --> 00:05:06,372 WE'RE FOLLOWING THROUGH 232 00:05:06,372 --> 00:05:07,340 ON THE PRESIDENT'S 233 00:05:07,340 --> 00:05:09,042 SPACE POLICY DIRECTIVES. 234 00:05:09,042 --> 00:05:09,742 >> MM-HMM. 235 00:05:09,742 --> 00:05:10,543 >> HIS FIRST SPACE POLICY 236 00:05:10,543 --> 00:05:11,244 DIRECTIVE IS THAT 237 00:05:11,244 --> 00:05:12,278 WE'RE GOING TO THE MOON. 238 00:05:12,278 --> 00:05:13,012 AND WE'RE GONNA GO 239 00:05:13,012 --> 00:05:14,480 IN A SUSTAINABLE WAY. 240 00:05:14,480 --> 00:05:15,415 HIS SECOND SPACE POLICY 241 00:05:15,415 --> 00:05:17,250 DIRECTIVE IS ABOUT REGULATION, 242 00:05:17,250 --> 00:05:18,251 AND ENABLING COMMERCIAL 243 00:05:18,251 --> 00:05:19,452 PARTNERSHIPS. 244 00:05:19,452 --> 00:05:20,353 AND OF COURSE, HIS THIRD 245 00:05:20,353 --> 00:05:22,755 SPACE POLICY DIRECTIVE IS ABOUT 246 00:05:22,755 --> 00:05:24,390 SPACE SITUATIONAL AWARENESS, 247 00:05:24,390 --> 00:05:26,192 AND SPACE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT. 248 00:05:26,192 --> 00:05:27,560 UM, AND OF COURSE, NASA PLAYS 249 00:05:27,560 --> 00:05:29,662 A ROLE AND/OR WILL BENEFIT 250 00:05:29,662 --> 00:05:30,997 FROM EACH OF THOSE. 251 00:05:30,997 --> 00:05:32,632 UH, AND SO, WE'RE REALLY 252 00:05:32,632 --> 00:05:33,433 PUTTING TOGETHER 253 00:05:33,433 --> 00:05:35,001 THE ARCHITECTURE THAT, UM, 254 00:05:35,001 --> 00:05:35,968 THAT FOLLOWS THROUGH ON 255 00:05:35,968 --> 00:05:37,503 THE PRESIDENT'S DIRECTIVES. 256 00:05:37,503 --> 00:05:39,806 AND THEN, UM, WATCHING, 257 00:05:39,806 --> 00:05:40,606 YOU KNOW, WHAT THE GREAT 258 00:05:40,606 --> 00:05:42,909 WORKFORCE HERE DOES IN ENABLING 259 00:05:42,909 --> 00:05:44,043 OUR MISSIONS TO GO FORWARD 260 00:05:44,043 --> 00:05:45,344 IN A REALLY AMAZING WAY. 261 00:05:45,344 --> 00:05:46,813 SO PEOPLE SAY, YOU KNOW, 262 00:05:46,813 --> 00:05:47,947 "WHAT DOES NASA DO?" 263 00:05:47,947 --> 00:05:50,283 UM, A LOT OF PEOPLE-- YOU KNOW, 264 00:05:50,283 --> 00:05:51,884 YOU THINK ABOUT THE HISTORY. 265 00:05:51,884 --> 00:05:53,886 THERE'S A LOT OF AWESOMENESS 266 00:05:53,886 --> 00:05:54,620 IN THE HISTORY. 267 00:05:54,620 --> 00:05:55,555 UH, AND YOU THINK ABOUT 268 00:05:55,555 --> 00:05:56,489 THE SPACE SHUTTLES, 269 00:05:56,489 --> 00:05:57,223 AND THE RETIREMENT 270 00:05:57,223 --> 00:05:58,324 OF THE SPACE SHUTTLES. 271 00:05:58,324 --> 00:05:59,225 >> MM-HMM. 272 00:05:59,225 --> 00:06:00,226 >> UM, PEOPLE REMEMBER THAT. 273 00:06:00,226 --> 00:06:01,928 UM, REMEMBER THOSE DAYS 274 00:06:01,928 --> 00:06:02,962 GOING BACK TO, YOU KNOW, 275 00:06:02,962 --> 00:06:04,964 GEMINI AND APOLLO, 276 00:06:04,964 --> 00:06:07,567 AND MERCURY BEFORE THAT, UM, 277 00:06:07,567 --> 00:06:08,401 AND OF COURSE, THEY REMEMBER 278 00:06:08,401 --> 00:06:09,669 THE SPACE SHUTTLES. 279 00:06:09,669 --> 00:06:10,503 BUT AT THIS POINT, 280 00:06:10,503 --> 00:06:11,771 WE'RE FOCUSED ON GETTING 281 00:06:11,771 --> 00:06:13,172 AMERICAN ASTRONAUTS TO LAUNCH 282 00:06:13,172 --> 00:06:14,407 ON AMERICAN ROCKETS AGAIN 283 00:06:14,407 --> 00:06:15,341 FROM AMERICAN SOIL 284 00:06:15,341 --> 00:06:16,275 FOR THE FIRST TIME SINCE 285 00:06:16,275 --> 00:06:17,443 2011, THE RETIREMENT OF 286 00:06:17,443 --> 00:06:18,678 THE SPACE SHUTTLES. 287 00:06:18,678 --> 00:06:21,147 UM, AND-AND SO, UM, 288 00:06:21,147 --> 00:06:22,115 WE'RE GONNA GET THERE, 289 00:06:22,115 --> 00:06:23,816 AND, UH, LOOK FORWARD TO BEING 290 00:06:23,816 --> 00:06:24,617 AT THE HELM WHEN 291 00:06:24,617 --> 00:06:25,718 ALL OF THAT HAPPENS AGAIN. 292 00:06:25,718 --> 00:06:26,486 >> THAT'S RIGHT. 293 00:06:26,486 --> 00:06:27,120 THIS IS ONE-- THIS IS 294 00:06:27,120 --> 00:06:28,287 ONE OF THOSE EXCITING THINGS 295 00:06:28,287 --> 00:06:29,288 THAT I WAS TALKING ABOUT. 296 00:06:29,288 --> 00:06:29,956 >> OH YEAH. 297 00:06:29,956 --> 00:06:30,790 >> YOU KNOW, LAUNCHING FROM 298 00:06:30,790 --> 00:06:31,591 AMERICAN SOIL AGAIN. 299 00:06:31,591 --> 00:06:32,692 SO WHEN WE'RE-- I DO WANT 300 00:06:32,692 --> 00:06:33,459 TO GO THROUGH ALL OF THESE 301 00:06:33,459 --> 00:06:34,460 EXCITING THINGS, RIGHT? 302 00:06:34,460 --> 00:06:35,762 LAUNCHING FROM AMERICAN SOIL, 303 00:06:35,762 --> 00:06:36,929 THIS-THIS COMMERCIALIZATION, 304 00:06:36,929 --> 00:06:38,197 THIS-THIS DEEP SPACE 305 00:06:38,197 --> 00:06:39,398 EXPLORATION. 306 00:06:39,398 --> 00:06:40,399 BUT I WANT TO KNOW, S-SINCE 307 00:06:40,399 --> 00:06:41,334 I HAVE YOU HERE, WHAT'S 308 00:06:41,334 --> 00:06:42,969 YOUR ROLE, AS THE ADMINISTRATOR, 309 00:06:42,969 --> 00:06:43,870 AT NASA, TO MAKE 310 00:06:43,870 --> 00:06:44,804 ALL OF THIS HAPPEN? 311 00:06:44,804 --> 00:06:45,738 >> SO AGAIN, UH, FOLLOWING 312 00:06:45,738 --> 00:06:46,773 THROUGH ON THE PRESIDENT'S 313 00:06:46,773 --> 00:06:48,174 SPACE POLICY DIRECTIVES-- 314 00:06:48,174 --> 00:06:48,841 >> MM-HMM. 315 00:06:48,841 --> 00:06:49,609 >> AND THEN, ULTIMATELY, UH, 316 00:06:49,609 --> 00:06:50,676 GUIDING THE AGENCY 317 00:06:50,676 --> 00:06:52,311 AS-AS YOU THINK ABOUT THE POLICY 318 00:06:52,311 --> 00:06:53,379 AND THE-- AND THE DIRECTIONS 319 00:06:53,379 --> 00:06:55,248 THAT-THAT WE'RE-- THAT-THAT-- 320 00:06:55,248 --> 00:06:56,115 THE DIRECTIONS THAT 321 00:06:56,115 --> 00:06:57,183 WE'RE TAKING. 322 00:06:57,183 --> 00:06:58,851 UM, YOU KNOW, THE-- YOU KNOW, 323 00:06:58,851 --> 00:07:01,587 MY-MY ROLE IS REALLY GUIDANCE. 324 00:07:01,587 --> 00:07:04,323 UM, AND I WORK A LOT WITH 325 00:07:04,323 --> 00:07:05,725 THE INTER-AGENCY. 326 00:07:05,725 --> 00:07:07,560 UM, A LOT OF PEOPLE THINK SPACE 327 00:07:07,560 --> 00:07:09,061 AND THEY THINK NASA. 328 00:07:09,061 --> 00:07:10,163 BUT, UH, FOR ALL OF 329 00:07:10,163 --> 00:07:11,230 OUR COMMERCIAL PARTNERS, 330 00:07:11,230 --> 00:07:12,498 A LOT OF THEM PROVIDE THINGS 331 00:07:12,498 --> 00:07:13,766 IN SPACE THAT ARE LICENSED, 332 00:07:13,766 --> 00:07:14,734 IF YOU WILL, BY 333 00:07:14,734 --> 00:07:16,335 THE FAA OFFICE OF COMMERCIAL 334 00:07:16,335 --> 00:07:18,037 SPACE TRANSPORTATION. 335 00:07:18,037 --> 00:07:19,338 WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT, UM, 336 00:07:19,338 --> 00:07:20,940 YOU KNOW, REMOTE SENSING 337 00:07:20,940 --> 00:07:22,208 AND IMAGERY, ALL OF-- 338 00:07:22,208 --> 00:07:23,509 ALL OF THAT IS LICENSED BY 339 00:07:23,509 --> 00:07:24,777 THE-THE COMMERCE DEPARTMENT 340 00:07:24,777 --> 00:07:26,212 THROUGH-THROUGH NOAA, UH, 341 00:07:26,212 --> 00:07:28,347 SO-SO THERE-THERE'S A LOT OF 342 00:07:28,347 --> 00:07:29,315 ACTIVITY IN SPACE. 343 00:07:29,315 --> 00:07:30,249 THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, 344 00:07:30,249 --> 00:07:31,250 THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY, 345 00:07:31,250 --> 00:07:32,785 THE DEPARTMENT OF-OF 346 00:07:32,785 --> 00:07:34,053 TRANSPORTATION. 347 00:07:34,053 --> 00:07:35,822 UH, THERE'S A LOT OF ACTIVITY 348 00:07:35,822 --> 00:07:37,190 THAT ISN'T SPECIFIC TO NASA, 349 00:07:37,190 --> 00:07:38,825 WHERE WE NEED INTER-AGENCY 350 00:07:38,825 --> 00:07:40,026 KIND OF COLLABORATION. 351 00:07:40,026 --> 00:07:40,726 SO I WORK WITH 352 00:07:40,726 --> 00:07:41,828 THE INTER-AGENCY. 353 00:07:41,828 --> 00:07:43,930 UM, I ALSO WORK AS-AS 354 00:07:43,930 --> 00:07:45,431 A FORMER MEMBER OF CONGRESS. 355 00:07:45,431 --> 00:07:46,499 UH, I WORK ON THE HILL, 356 00:07:46,499 --> 00:07:48,167 TO MAKE SURE THAT, UM, 357 00:07:48,167 --> 00:07:49,101 OUR, YOU KNOW, BUDGET 358 00:07:49,101 --> 00:07:50,803 REQUIREMENTS ARE-ARE BEING MET 359 00:07:50,803 --> 00:07:52,505 TO ACCOMPLISH THE OBJECTIVES 360 00:07:52,505 --> 00:07:53,806 SET FORTH BY THE PRESIDENT, 361 00:07:53,806 --> 00:07:55,508 AND OF COURSE, BY CONGRESS. 362 00:07:55,508 --> 00:07:56,943 UH, THEY AUTHORIZE, YOU KNOW, 363 00:07:56,943 --> 00:07:57,810 WHAT WE'RE SUPPOSED TO 364 00:07:57,810 --> 00:07:58,578 BE DOING. 365 00:07:58,578 --> 00:07:59,345 AND OF COURSE, 366 00:07:59,345 --> 00:08:00,146 THEY APPROPRIATE THE FUNDS 367 00:08:00,146 --> 00:08:01,447 TO ACCOMPLISH THOSE OBJECTIVES. 368 00:08:01,447 --> 00:08:03,316 SO, UM, YOU KNOW, MY GOAL IS 369 00:08:03,316 --> 00:08:04,217 TO MAKE SURE THAT WE ARE 370 00:08:04,217 --> 00:08:05,818 WITHIN-WITHIN THE LAW, 371 00:08:05,818 --> 00:08:07,019 THAT WE'RE FOLLOWING THROUGH 372 00:08:07,019 --> 00:08:08,921 ON THE PRESIDENT'S GUIDANCE. 373 00:08:08,921 --> 00:08:11,057 UH, AND THAT, UM, AT THE END 374 00:08:11,057 --> 00:08:12,091 OF THE DAY, UH, 375 00:08:12,091 --> 00:08:13,125 WE'RE-WE'RE HEADING 376 00:08:13,125 --> 00:08:14,460 IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION. 377 00:08:14,460 --> 00:08:15,361 >> SO WITH THIS GUIDANCE, 378 00:08:15,361 --> 00:08:16,829 WITH-WITH THESE DIRECTIVES, 379 00:08:16,829 --> 00:08:18,631 UM, MARK, IN THE JOHNSON 380 00:08:18,631 --> 00:08:20,099 SPACE CENTER, WHAT ARE WE DOING 381 00:08:20,099 --> 00:08:23,002 TO SORT OF TAKE THIS PATH? 382 00:08:23,002 --> 00:08:24,270 >> SO WE HAVE, OF COURSE, 383 00:08:24,270 --> 00:08:27,406 UM-- WE'RE FINISHING, UH, 384 00:08:27,406 --> 00:08:29,242 THE COMMERCIAL CREW VEHICLES. 385 00:08:29,242 --> 00:08:30,309 AND PART OF OUR JOB 386 00:08:30,309 --> 00:08:31,410 AT JOHNSON SPACE CENTER 387 00:08:31,410 --> 00:08:32,411 IS TO BE KIND OF 388 00:08:32,411 --> 00:08:33,679 THE SPACECRAFT EXPERTS. 389 00:08:33,679 --> 00:08:34,580 >> OKAY. 390 00:08:34,580 --> 00:08:35,348 >> SO WE'RE FOLLOWING ALONG 391 00:08:35,348 --> 00:08:36,182 WITH THE PROVIDERS, AND 392 00:08:36,182 --> 00:08:37,149 FOLLOWING ALONG ON THE DESIGN, 393 00:08:37,149 --> 00:08:38,451 AND CHECKING THE REQUIREMENTS. 394 00:08:38,451 --> 00:08:39,185 SO WE'RE GETTING INTO 395 00:08:39,185 --> 00:08:41,554 A CERTIFICATION PART OF THAT. 396 00:08:41,554 --> 00:08:42,188 ARE WE READY? 397 00:08:42,188 --> 00:08:43,055 ARE THESE VEHICLES MEETING 398 00:08:43,055 --> 00:08:43,723 THE REQUIREMENTS? 399 00:08:43,723 --> 00:08:44,490 ARE THEY READY TO 400 00:08:44,490 --> 00:08:45,391 PUT OUR CREWS IN 'EM? 401 00:08:45,391 --> 00:08:46,993 AND THAT'S GONNA BE ESSENTIAL, 402 00:08:46,993 --> 00:08:48,995 UM, BECAUSE WE'RE TRYING 403 00:08:48,995 --> 00:08:51,197 TO BASICALLY OPERATE 404 00:08:53,399 --> 00:08:52,298 THE SPACE STATION, 405 00:08:53,399 --> 00:08:54,166 AND AS JIM SAID, 406 00:08:54,166 --> 00:08:55,334 FLY FROM U.S. SOIL. 407 00:08:55,334 --> 00:08:56,002 >> MM-HMM. 408 00:08:56,002 --> 00:08:57,904 >> KEEP-- CUT THE COSTS DOWN. 409 00:08:57,904 --> 00:08:58,871 SO A KEY PART OF THAT IS 410 00:08:58,871 --> 00:09:00,239 FINISHING THAT PART OF THE JOB. 411 00:09:00,239 --> 00:09:00,973 >> HMM. 412 00:09:00,973 --> 00:09:01,741 >> AND THEN ON SPACE STATION, 413 00:09:01,741 --> 00:09:02,608 OF COURSE, WE'RE DOING 414 00:09:02,608 --> 00:09:04,610 RESEARCH FOR HOW THE HUMAN 415 00:09:04,610 --> 00:09:06,913 BODY BEHAVES IN LONG DURATION. 416 00:09:06,913 --> 00:09:08,247 AND THAT'S A KEY PART OF 417 00:09:08,247 --> 00:09:09,982 ANY EXPLORATION PLAN, RIGHT? 418 00:09:09,982 --> 00:09:10,783 HOW-HOW ARE WE GOING TO KEEP 419 00:09:10,783 --> 00:09:12,885 OUR CREWS SAFE AND HEALTHY FOR 420 00:09:12,885 --> 00:09:14,153 THESE LONG DURATION MISSIONS? 421 00:09:14,153 --> 00:09:14,887 SO THAT'S A BIG PART 422 00:09:14,887 --> 00:09:15,588 THAT WE'RE DOING TODAY 423 00:09:15,588 --> 00:09:17,089 THAT APPLIES. 424 00:09:17,089 --> 00:09:19,225 THEN SLS ORION, UH, 425 00:09:19,225 --> 00:09:20,426 AS I'VE MENTIONED BEFORE 426 00:09:20,426 --> 00:09:21,294 MANY TIMES, SO WE'RE-WE'RE 427 00:09:21,294 --> 00:09:22,528 ALMOST READY TO FLY. 428 00:09:22,528 --> 00:09:23,629 >> MM-HMM. 429 00:09:23,629 --> 00:09:24,497 >> UH, IN 2020, 430 00:09:24,497 --> 00:09:25,164 WE'LL BE FLYIN'. 431 00:09:25,164 --> 00:09:25,932 AND THOSE ARE KEY MISSIONS 432 00:09:25,932 --> 00:09:28,834 THAT ENABLE, UH, SPACE, UH, 433 00:09:28,834 --> 00:09:30,169 POLICY DIRECTIVE NUMBER ONE, 434 00:09:30,169 --> 00:09:31,170 GOING BACK TO THE MOON. 435 00:09:31,170 --> 00:09:31,904 'CAUSE YOU NEED THE KINDA 436 00:09:31,904 --> 00:09:33,272 ENERGY THAT SLS PROVIDES, 437 00:09:33,272 --> 00:09:34,307 AND THE KIND OF SYSTEMS THAT 438 00:09:34,307 --> 00:09:35,541 ORION PROVIDES TO GET A CREW 439 00:09:35,541 --> 00:09:36,842 OUT PAST THE MOON. 440 00:09:36,842 --> 00:09:37,510 >> YEAH. 441 00:09:37,510 --> 00:09:38,244 >> SO THOSE ARE GONNA BE 442 00:09:38,244 --> 00:09:38,978 VERY VISIBLE THINGS 443 00:09:38,978 --> 00:09:40,079 IN THE NEAR TERM. 444 00:09:40,079 --> 00:09:42,114 AND THEN, REALLY, WE'VE BEEN 445 00:09:42,114 --> 00:09:43,149 WORKING, YOU KNOW, FOR A WHILE 446 00:09:43,149 --> 00:09:44,250 ABOUT WHAT WE'RE GOING TO DO 447 00:09:44,250 --> 00:09:45,484 AROUND THE MOON, RIGHT? 448 00:09:45,484 --> 00:09:46,285 HOW WE'RE GOING TO USE 449 00:09:46,285 --> 00:09:47,920 THIS GATEWAY TO BASICALLY 450 00:09:47,920 --> 00:09:49,288 PROVIDE ACCESS TO THE MOON. 451 00:09:49,288 --> 00:09:50,056 AND SO WE'RE IN THE EARLY 452 00:09:50,056 --> 00:09:51,090 STAGES, BUT JOHNSON PLAYS 453 00:09:51,090 --> 00:09:53,259 A KEY ROLE IN-IN HOW THAT'S 454 00:09:53,259 --> 00:09:54,060 GOING TO WORK AND HOW 455 00:09:54,060 --> 00:09:55,094 THAT MIGHT COME TOGETHER. 456 00:09:55,094 --> 00:09:56,095 AND WE USE OUR EXPERIENCE 457 00:09:56,095 --> 00:09:57,296 IN HOW TO PARTNER WITH PEOPLE, 458 00:09:57,296 --> 00:09:58,230 BOTH INTERNATIONAL 459 00:09:58,230 --> 00:09:59,765 AND COMMERCIAL, TO FIGURE OUT 460 00:09:59,765 --> 00:10:00,599 THE SMARTEST WAYS 461 00:10:00,599 --> 00:10:01,634 TO MAKE THAT HAPPEN. 462 00:10:01,634 --> 00:10:02,969 SO WE HAVE A LOT OF PIECES 463 00:10:02,969 --> 00:10:04,337 THAT WE'RE PULLING TOGETHER TO 464 00:10:04,337 --> 00:10:06,038 HELP NASA IMPLEMENT THAT PLAN. 465 00:10:06,038 --> 00:10:06,706 >> THAT'S GREAT. 466 00:10:06,706 --> 00:10:07,406 >> WHEN-WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT 467 00:10:07,406 --> 00:10:08,507 THE HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY, WHICH 468 00:10:08,507 --> 00:10:09,976 MARK MENTIONED, THAT'S ONE OF 469 00:10:09,976 --> 00:10:12,845 THE BIG REASONS, UM, THE FIRST 470 00:10:12,845 --> 00:10:14,213 SPACE POLICY DIRECTIVE, UH, 471 00:10:14,213 --> 00:10:15,681 BY THE PRESIDENT IS TO GO 472 00:10:15,681 --> 00:10:17,116 BACK TO THE MOON. 473 00:10:17,116 --> 00:10:18,150 WE-WE KNOW, BECAUSE OF 474 00:10:18,150 --> 00:10:19,218 THE GREAT WORK DONE HERE AT 475 00:10:19,218 --> 00:10:20,453 JOHNSON, WE KNOW WHAT HAPPENS 476 00:10:20,453 --> 00:10:21,654 TO HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY 477 00:10:21,654 --> 00:10:23,022 IN A MICROGRAVITY ENVIRONMENT. 478 00:10:23,022 --> 00:10:24,323 WE KNOW THAT, YOU KNOW, 479 00:10:24,323 --> 00:10:25,691 YOUR-YOUR BONE MASS WILL 480 00:10:25,691 --> 00:10:27,526 DECREASE BY ABOUT 1% TO 3% 481 00:10:27,526 --> 00:10:28,494 PER MONTH. 482 00:10:28,494 --> 00:10:29,428 AND THERE ARE WAYS TO MITIGATE 483 00:10:29,428 --> 00:10:30,830 AGAINST THAT, BUT, UM-- 484 00:10:30,830 --> 00:10:32,398 BUT THERE WILL BE A DEGRADATION 485 00:10:32,398 --> 00:10:33,132 OF THE BONE MASS. 486 00:10:33,132 --> 00:10:33,899 WE KNOW THAT THE HEART 487 00:10:33,899 --> 00:10:35,201 WILL BE DECONDITIONED. 488 00:10:35,201 --> 00:10:36,168 UM, WE KNOW THAT 489 00:10:36,168 --> 00:10:37,570 THE NEUROVESTIBULAR SYSTEM 490 00:10:37,570 --> 00:10:39,905 GETS, UM, THROWN OUT OF WHACK 491 00:10:39,905 --> 00:10:41,207 WHILE YOU'RE IN A MICROGRAVITY 492 00:10:41,207 --> 00:10:42,241 ENVIRONMENT, WHEN YOU COME 493 00:10:42,241 --> 00:10:44,543 BACK TO A-A GRAVITY ENVIRONMENT. 494 00:10:44,543 --> 00:10:46,078 SO THE QUESTION IS, YOU KNOW, 495 00:10:46,078 --> 00:10:46,879 IF WE'RE GONNA SEND 496 00:10:46,879 --> 00:10:47,880 ASTRONAUTS TO MARS, 497 00:10:47,880 --> 00:10:49,015 THEY'RE GONNA BE IN 498 00:10:49,015 --> 00:10:49,815 THAT MICROGRAVITY ENVIRONMENT 499 00:10:49,815 --> 00:10:51,283 FOR SIX, SEVEN, EIGHT, 500 00:10:51,283 --> 00:10:52,151 NINE MONTHS. 501 00:10:52,151 --> 00:10:52,918 >> MM-HMM. 502 00:10:52,918 --> 00:10:55,287 >> UM, AND ONCE THEY'RE AT MARS, 503 00:10:55,287 --> 00:10:56,255 THERE'S NO COMIN' HOME 504 00:10:56,255 --> 00:10:57,356 FOR AT LEAST TWO YEARS. 505 00:10:57,356 --> 00:10:58,190 WELL, THE MOON GIVES US 506 00:10:58,190 --> 00:10:59,859 AN OPPORTUNITY, UM, 507 00:10:59,859 --> 00:11:01,927 TO-TO PROVE OUT, YOU KNOW, CAN-- 508 00:11:01,927 --> 00:11:04,964 YOU KNOW, ARE-ARE THERE, UM-- 509 00:11:04,964 --> 00:11:06,098 ARE THERE WAYS THAT WE CAN HAVE 510 00:11:06,098 --> 00:11:08,200 AN ASTRONAUT IN A MICROGRAVITY 511 00:11:08,200 --> 00:11:09,635 ENVIRONMENT FOR SIX MONTHS, 512 00:11:09,635 --> 00:11:10,403 AND THEN SEND THEM 513 00:11:10,403 --> 00:11:11,837 TO THE MOON, AND SEE IF THAT 514 00:11:11,837 --> 00:11:13,205 REVERSES THE EFFECTS? 515 00:11:13,205 --> 00:11:15,808 LIKE, WH-WHEN YOU'RE IN 1/6 G, 516 00:11:15,808 --> 00:11:16,809 WHICH IS THE SURFACE OF 517 00:11:16,809 --> 00:11:19,111 THE MOON, UM, DOES THAT REVERSE 518 00:11:19,111 --> 00:11:20,212 THE EFFECTS THAT YOU HAD 519 00:11:20,212 --> 00:11:21,714 IN MICROGRAVITY? 520 00:11:21,714 --> 00:11:23,249 UM, AND IF IT DOES, THEN 521 00:11:23,249 --> 00:11:25,117 WE WOULD KNOW THAT IN 1/3 G, 522 00:11:25,117 --> 00:11:26,952 WHICH IS MARS, UH, IT WOULD 523 00:11:26,952 --> 00:11:28,421 PROBABLY ALSO BE EFFECTIVE. 524 00:11:28,421 --> 00:11:29,155 >> MM-HMM. 525 00:11:29,155 --> 00:11:30,656 >> UM, BUT THE REALITY IS, 526 00:11:30,656 --> 00:11:31,991 WE CAN'T SEND ASTRONAUTS 527 00:11:31,991 --> 00:11:33,225 FOR THE FIRST TIME AFTER BEING 528 00:11:33,225 --> 00:11:34,460 IN A MICROGRAVITY ENVIRONMENT 529 00:11:34,460 --> 00:11:36,328 FOR SEVEN MONTHS, PUT THEM 530 00:11:36,328 --> 00:11:37,530 ON A-- ON A SURFACE OF ANOTHER 531 00:11:37,530 --> 00:11:39,932 WORLD AND HAVE THEM BE PERFECT. 532 00:11:39,932 --> 00:11:41,233 THEY HAVE TO BE PERFECT 533 00:11:41,233 --> 00:11:42,201 IN ORDER TO STAY ALIVE 534 00:11:42,201 --> 00:11:43,269 FOR TWO YEARS. 535 00:11:43,269 --> 00:11:43,969 >> YEAH. 536 00:11:43,969 --> 00:11:45,371 >> UM, AND PROVING THAT OUT 537 00:11:45,371 --> 00:11:46,338 AT THE MOON IS REALLY 538 00:11:46,338 --> 00:11:47,440 THE BEST WAY TO DO IT. 539 00:11:47,440 --> 00:11:48,941 AND SO, UM, THAT'S WHAT 540 00:11:48,941 --> 00:11:50,076 SPACE POLICY DIRECTIVE ONE 541 00:11:50,076 --> 00:11:51,277 IS ALL ABOUT, AS WELL AS 542 00:11:51,277 --> 00:11:52,378 RETIRING THE RISK FOR 543 00:11:52,378 --> 00:11:53,412 A LOT OF THE TECHNOLOGIES 544 00:11:53,412 --> 00:11:54,780 AND THE CAPABILITIES. 545 00:11:54,780 --> 00:11:55,614 >> THAT'S RIGHT. 546 00:11:55,614 --> 00:11:56,248 >> YEAH. 547 00:11:56,248 --> 00:11:57,049 >> YEAH, THAT'S-- IT'S ONE OF 548 00:11:57,049 --> 00:11:58,217 THE THINGS-- ONE OF THE NICE 549 00:11:58,217 --> 00:11:59,018 THINGS, I THINK, ABOUT 550 00:11:59,018 --> 00:12:00,052 THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION 551 00:12:00,052 --> 00:12:01,787 IS THAT IT'S SO CLOSE. 552 00:12:01,787 --> 00:12:04,190 250 MILES SOUNDS PRETTY FAR. 553 00:12:04,190 --> 00:12:05,424 BUT HONESTLY, IT'S PRETTY 554 00:12:05,424 --> 00:12:06,158 CLOSE TO HOME. 555 00:12:06,158 --> 00:12:06,859 IF ANYTHING GOES WRONG, 556 00:12:06,859 --> 00:12:07,560 YOU CAN COME BACK. 557 00:12:07,560 --> 00:12:08,360 IT'S THE PERFECT PLACE, 558 00:12:08,360 --> 00:12:09,628 REALLY, TO TEST A LOT OF 559 00:12:09,628 --> 00:12:11,030 THESE CAPABILITIES. 560 00:12:11,030 --> 00:12:11,897 AND THAT'S, I THINK, WHERE 561 00:12:11,897 --> 00:12:13,399 THE COMMERCIAL CREW COMES IN, 562 00:12:13,399 --> 00:12:15,034 RIGHT-- NOW WE'RE DOING 563 00:12:15,034 --> 00:12:16,368 THIS CERTIFICATION PROCESS. 564 00:12:16,368 --> 00:12:17,236 WE'RE WORKING WITH SPACEX 565 00:12:17,236 --> 00:12:19,772 AND BOEING VERY CLOSELY, UH, 566 00:12:19,772 --> 00:12:21,073 TO PROVIDE US THE CAPABILITY 567 00:12:21,073 --> 00:12:22,942 FOR LOWER-- FOR ACCESS 568 00:12:22,942 --> 00:12:23,976 TO LOW EARTH ORBIT. 569 00:12:23,976 --> 00:12:25,044 BUT IT'S NOT JUST THAT, RIGHT? 570 00:12:25,044 --> 00:12:26,212 WE'RE TALKING ABOUT 571 00:12:26,212 --> 00:12:27,313 THE SPACE STATION. 572 00:12:27,313 --> 00:12:28,314 UH, UH-- WE'RE ENDING 573 00:12:28,314 --> 00:12:30,349 DIRECT FEDERAL FUNDING IN 2025. 574 00:12:30,349 --> 00:12:32,618 BUILDING A LOW EARTH ORBIT 575 00:12:32,618 --> 00:12:34,019 ECONOMY, SOMETHING THAT'S, 576 00:12:34,019 --> 00:12:35,421 I DON'T THINK, BEEN DONE BEFORE. 577 00:12:35,421 --> 00:12:36,455 WHAT'S-- SO THAT'S PART OF 578 00:12:36,455 --> 00:12:37,289 THIS DIRECTIVE, RIGHT, 579 00:12:37,289 --> 00:12:38,858 IS ESTABLISHING AN ECONOMY 580 00:12:38,858 --> 00:12:39,792 IN SPACE. 581 00:12:39,792 --> 00:12:41,026 SO HOW ARE WE DOING THAT? 582 00:12:41,026 --> 00:12:41,627 >> YEAH, THAT'S A-- 583 00:12:41,627 --> 00:12:42,361 IT'S A GREAT QUESTION. 584 00:12:42,361 --> 00:12:43,028 AND WE'RE GOING TO HAVE TO 585 00:12:43,028 --> 00:12:43,762 WORK THROUGH IT. 586 00:12:43,762 --> 00:12:44,530 >> YEAH? 587 00:12:44,530 --> 00:12:45,498 >> UM, YOU-YOU CAN IMAGINE, 588 00:12:45,498 --> 00:12:46,532 UM, THERE'S ALL KINDS OF 589 00:12:46,532 --> 00:12:47,833 TECHNOLOGIES AND CAPABILITIES 590 00:12:47,833 --> 00:12:49,068 THAT HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED 591 00:12:49,068 --> 00:12:50,002 ALREADY. 592 00:12:50,002 --> 00:12:51,270 AND-AND MARK HAS BEEN REALLY 593 00:12:51,270 --> 00:12:52,371 GOOD ABOUT TALKING ABOUT 594 00:12:52,371 --> 00:12:53,506 HOW THE SPACE STATION, 595 00:12:53,506 --> 00:12:55,241 THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION, 596 00:12:55,241 --> 00:12:57,510 HAS REALLY BEEN A-A KEY DRIVER 597 00:12:57,510 --> 00:13:00,179 OF ENABLING US TO-TO 598 00:13:00,179 --> 00:13:01,847 COMMERCIALIZE LOW EARTH ORBIT. 599 00:13:01,847 --> 00:13:02,515 >> MM-HMM. 600 00:13:02,515 --> 00:13:03,549 >> IF THERE IS NO SPACE STATION, 601 00:13:03,549 --> 00:13:04,283 THERE WOULD BE 602 00:13:04,283 --> 00:13:05,351 NO COMMERCIALIZATION. 603 00:13:05,351 --> 00:13:06,752 AND SO, UM, IT HAS BEEN 604 00:13:06,752 --> 00:13:08,287 A VERY EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR 605 00:13:08,287 --> 00:13:09,722 BUILDING THE SPACE ECONOMY, 606 00:13:09,722 --> 00:13:10,823 IF YOU WILL. 607 00:13:10,823 --> 00:13:11,891 AND NOW, WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT 608 00:13:11,891 --> 00:13:12,958 WHAT THE FUTURE HOLDS, EVEN 609 00:13:12,958 --> 00:13:13,993 EXPERIMENTS THAT ARE HAPPENING 610 00:13:13,993 --> 00:13:15,461 RIGHT NOW, YOU THINK ABOUT 611 00:13:15,461 --> 00:13:16,662 FIBER OPTICS BEING 612 00:13:16,662 --> 00:13:17,630 MANUFACTURED ON 613 00:13:17,630 --> 00:13:18,998 THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION, 614 00:13:18,998 --> 00:13:20,666 WHICH COULD, UM, DRIVE DOWN 615 00:13:20,666 --> 00:13:23,035 THE COST FOR, IN ESSENCE, 616 00:13:23,035 --> 00:13:25,871 MAKING, UM, NOT JUST AMERICA, 617 00:13:25,871 --> 00:13:27,373 BUT THE WORLD MORE CONNECTED. 618 00:13:27,373 --> 00:13:28,641 YOU THINK ABOUT, UM, 619 00:13:28,641 --> 00:13:30,009 THE ABILITY TO PRODUCE 620 00:13:30,009 --> 00:13:31,010 PHARMACEUTICALS IN 621 00:13:31,010 --> 00:13:32,244 A MICROGRAVITY ENVIRONMENT, 622 00:13:32,244 --> 00:13:33,746 WHERE YOU CAN, UM, DO THINGS 623 00:13:33,746 --> 00:13:35,381 THAT YOU CANNOT DO ON EARTH. 624 00:13:35,381 --> 00:13:38,083 YOU THINK ABOUT, UM, TAKING 625 00:13:38,083 --> 00:13:39,485 ADULT STEM CELLS 626 00:13:39,485 --> 00:13:42,688 AND 3D PRINTING HUMAN ORGANS, 627 00:13:42,688 --> 00:13:44,823 UH, TO INCREASE THE-THE-- YOU 628 00:13:44,823 --> 00:13:46,592 KNOW, THE LIVES OF-OF HUMANS. 629 00:13:46,592 --> 00:13:48,227 ALL OF THESE THINGS ARE BEING 630 00:13:48,227 --> 00:13:49,695 DEVELOPED RIGHT NOW, UH, 631 00:13:49,695 --> 00:13:51,096 WITH THE SUPPORT OF NASA ON 632 00:13:51,096 --> 00:13:52,765 THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION. 633 00:13:52,765 --> 00:13:53,966 AND EACH ONE OF THOSE THINGS 634 00:13:53,966 --> 00:13:55,868 IS A MARKET UNTO ITSELF. 635 00:13:55,868 --> 00:13:56,669 >> MM-HMM. 636 00:13:56,669 --> 00:13:57,469 >> UH, AND THERE'S SO MUCH 637 00:13:57,469 --> 00:13:58,237 MORE, RIGHT? 638 00:13:58,237 --> 00:13:58,938 >> YEAH. 639 00:13:58,938 --> 00:14:00,606 >> SO, WHAT WE WANNA MAKE SURE-- 640 00:14:00,606 --> 00:14:02,141 AND ON A-ANOTHER PIECE OF THIS, 641 00:14:02,141 --> 00:14:03,008 YOU KNOW, WE TALK ABOUT 642 00:14:03,008 --> 00:14:04,243 COMMERCIAL CREW. 643 00:14:04,243 --> 00:14:05,177 WE'RE GOING TO BE LAUNCHING 644 00:14:05,177 --> 00:14:06,845 COMMERCIAL CREW HERE, UM, 645 00:14:06,845 --> 00:14:07,980 IN THE NEXT YEAR. 646 00:14:07,980 --> 00:14:08,881 WE'RE TALKING ABOUT, 647 00:14:08,881 --> 00:14:11,250 AS-AS-AS WE'VE TALKED ABOUT, 648 00:14:11,250 --> 00:14:12,418 SENDING AMERICAN ASTRONAUTS 649 00:14:12,418 --> 00:14:13,285 ON AMERICAN ROCKETS 650 00:14:13,285 --> 00:14:14,787 FROM AMERICAN SOIL. 651 00:14:14,787 --> 00:14:16,255 ALL OF THAT IS FANTASTIC. 652 00:14:16,255 --> 00:14:17,223 BUT THESE COMMERCIAL CREW 653 00:14:17,223 --> 00:14:18,891 PROVIDERS, AND MANY-- 654 00:14:18,891 --> 00:14:19,892 THEY-THEY HAVE SEATS. 655 00:14:19,892 --> 00:14:21,126 THEY HAVE-- THEY HAVE SEVEN 656 00:14:21,126 --> 00:14:22,861 SEATS ON THEIR SPACECRAFT, 657 00:14:22,861 --> 00:14:24,697 WHICH MEANS WE COULD BE FLYING 658 00:14:24,697 --> 00:14:25,831 TOURISTS TO THE INTERNATIONAL 659 00:14:25,831 --> 00:14:26,966 SPACE STATION. 660 00:14:26,966 --> 00:14:28,200 UH, IN OTHER WORDS, THERE'S-- 661 00:14:28,200 --> 00:14:29,201 AND I'M NOT SAYING 662 00:14:29,201 --> 00:14:30,069 WE'RE GONNA DO THAT. 663 00:14:30,069 --> 00:14:30,936 I'M SAYING, THAT IS 664 00:14:30,936 --> 00:14:31,770 AN OPPORTUNITY THAT 665 00:14:31,770 --> 00:14:32,838 WE NEED TO LOOK AT. 666 00:14:32,838 --> 00:14:33,505 >> MM-HMM. 667 00:14:33,505 --> 00:14:34,573 >> UH, BECAUSE THERE COULD BE 668 00:14:34,573 --> 00:14:37,176 A DAY WHEN, UM, WE HAVE 669 00:14:37,176 --> 00:14:39,445 NOT JUST TOURISTS BUT, UM, 670 00:14:39,445 --> 00:14:40,579 YOU KNOW, DIFFERENT TYPES OF 671 00:14:40,579 --> 00:14:42,081 SCIENTISTS, UM, DIFFERENT 672 00:14:42,081 --> 00:14:43,682 TYPES OF EVEN JOURNALISTS, 673 00:14:43,682 --> 00:14:45,618 UM, FLYING TO THE INTERNATIONAL 674 00:14:45,618 --> 00:14:47,453 SPACE STATION, UH, TO SHARE 675 00:14:47,453 --> 00:14:48,420 WITH THE WORLD KIND OF 676 00:14:48,420 --> 00:14:50,089 WHAT'S-WHAT'S HAPPENING, UH, 677 00:14:50,089 --> 00:14:51,357 IN-IN LOW EARTH ORBIT. 678 00:14:51,357 --> 00:14:53,325 SO THERE'S ALL KINDS OF WAYS 679 00:14:53,325 --> 00:14:54,226 FOR THE INTERNATIONAL 680 00:14:54,226 --> 00:14:55,160 SPACE STATION TO BECOME 681 00:14:55,160 --> 00:14:56,328 MORE COMMERCIALIZED. 682 00:14:56,328 --> 00:14:58,797 BETWEEN NOW AND-AND 20-- 683 00:14:58,797 --> 00:15:00,666 UH, 2025-- 684 00:15:00,666 --> 00:15:01,467 >> MM-HMM. 685 00:15:01,467 --> 00:15:02,234 >> UM, THAT'S SEVEN YEARS 686 00:15:02,234 --> 00:15:02,968 FROM NOW-- THERE'S-- 687 00:15:02,968 --> 00:15:03,736 >> YEAH. 688 00:15:03,736 --> 00:15:04,436 >> BETWEEN NOW AND THEN, 689 00:15:04,436 --> 00:15:05,137 THERE'S A LOT THAT'S 690 00:15:05,137 --> 00:15:05,938 GONNA CHANGE. 691 00:15:05,938 --> 00:15:07,239 AND IT'S NOT JUST 692 00:15:07,239 --> 00:15:08,340 THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION 693 00:15:08,340 --> 00:15:09,241 THAT COULD BE 694 00:15:09,241 --> 00:15:10,876 MORE COMMERCIALIZED. 695 00:15:10,876 --> 00:15:13,212 IT WOULD BE OTHER PRIVATE 696 00:15:13,212 --> 00:15:15,414 HABITAT-HABITATS IN LOW EARTH 697 00:15:15,414 --> 00:15:16,982 ORBIT THAT WOULD BE ADDING 698 00:15:16,982 --> 00:15:18,917 TO THAT, UM, MARKETPLACE 699 00:15:18,917 --> 00:15:19,885 IN LOW EARTH ORBIT. 700 00:15:19,885 --> 00:15:21,487 SO, UM, THERE'S A LOT OF 701 00:15:21,487 --> 00:15:22,388 REALLY EXCITING THINGS 702 00:15:22,388 --> 00:15:23,088 HAPPENING. 703 00:15:23,088 --> 00:15:23,922 WHAT WE WANNA MAKE SURE WE DO, 704 00:15:23,922 --> 00:15:24,990 THOUGH-- AND MARK AND I HAVE 705 00:15:24,990 --> 00:15:25,858 TALKED ABOUT THIS-- 706 00:15:25,858 --> 00:15:26,625 WE WANNA MAKE SURE THAT 707 00:15:26,625 --> 00:15:27,693 WE'RE PLANNING TODAY-- 708 00:15:27,693 --> 00:15:28,327 >> MM-HMM. 709 00:15:28,327 --> 00:15:29,395 >> --FOR A FUTURE WHERE 710 00:15:29,395 --> 00:15:30,329 WE HAVE NO GAPS IN 711 00:15:30,329 --> 00:15:31,463 LOW EARTH ORBIT. 712 00:15:31,463 --> 00:15:33,432 WE-WE DON'T WANNA HAVE A DAY 713 00:15:33,432 --> 00:15:34,767 WHEN AMERICAN ASTRONAUTS 714 00:15:34,767 --> 00:15:36,201 ARE NOT THERE. 715 00:15:36,201 --> 00:15:37,202 KIDS THAT ARE GRADUATING FROM 716 00:15:37,202 --> 00:15:39,071 HIGH SCHOOL TODAY HAVE LIVED 717 00:15:39,071 --> 00:15:40,172 THEIR ENTIRE LIVES WITH 718 00:15:40,172 --> 00:15:41,874 A HUMAN LIVING AND WORKING 719 00:15:41,874 --> 00:15:43,108 IN SPACE. 720 00:15:43,108 --> 00:15:44,043 WE WANNA MAKE SURE THAT 721 00:15:44,043 --> 00:15:45,344 THAT HAPPENS, YOU KNOW, 722 00:15:45,344 --> 00:15:46,779 18 YEARS FROM NOW, 723 00:15:46,779 --> 00:15:48,247 AND THEN 18 YEARS FROM THEN, 724 00:15:48,247 --> 00:15:50,015 SO THERE'S NO GAP. 725 00:15:50,015 --> 00:15:51,016 UM, AND SO THAT'S REALLY WHAT 726 00:15:51,016 --> 00:15:52,351 WE'RE WORKING TO ACHIEVE NOW. 727 00:15:52,351 --> 00:15:52,985 >> THAT'S RIGHT. 728 00:15:52,985 --> 00:15:53,786 AND IT'S-IT'S ALREADY 729 00:15:53,786 --> 00:15:54,486 UNDER WORK. 730 00:15:54,486 --> 00:15:55,654 MARK, I KNOW JUST RECENTLY, 731 00:15:55,654 --> 00:15:57,156 THE NASA RESEARCH ANNOUNCEMENT 732 00:15:57,156 --> 00:15:57,923 CAME OUT. 733 00:15:57,923 --> 00:15:58,724 WE SELECTED COMPANIES TO 734 00:15:58,724 --> 00:15:59,525 ACTUALLY TAKE A LOOK 735 00:15:59,525 --> 00:16:00,693 SPECIFICALLY AT THIS. 736 00:16:00,693 --> 00:16:01,794 WHAT CAN WE DO, RIGHT? 737 00:16:01,794 --> 00:16:03,462 SO-SO WHAT'S GOING ON THERE? 738 00:16:03,462 --> 00:16:04,163 >> YEAH, EXACTLY. 739 00:16:04,163 --> 00:16:05,230 THAT'S A G-- A GREAT LEAD-IN, 740 00:16:05,230 --> 00:16:06,632 'CAUSE WE'RE-- 741 00:16:06,632 --> 00:16:07,599 YOU KNOW, WE NASA, 742 00:16:07,599 --> 00:16:08,834 WE'RE SMART PEOPLE. 743 00:16:08,834 --> 00:16:09,601 WE'VE BEEN PARTNERING WITH 744 00:16:09,601 --> 00:16:10,869 PEOPLE FOR OUR WHOLE-- 745 00:16:10,869 --> 00:16:11,870 OUR WHOLE HISTORY. 746 00:16:11,870 --> 00:16:12,971 SO NOW WE'RE ASKING PEOPLE 747 00:16:12,971 --> 00:16:13,872 THAT ARE ON THE CUTTING EDGE 748 00:16:13,872 --> 00:16:16,141 OF COMMERCIALIZING SPACE. 749 00:16:16,141 --> 00:16:17,376 AND SOME ARE SUPPLIERS. 750 00:16:17,376 --> 00:16:19,244 SOME ARE CREATING DEMAND SIDE. 751 00:16:19,244 --> 00:16:20,012 SO WE ASK THEM, 752 00:16:20,012 --> 00:16:20,879 "WHAT WOULD YOU DO?" 753 00:16:20,879 --> 00:16:21,547 >> RIGHT. 754 00:16:21,547 --> 00:16:22,314 >> "WHAT-WHAT DO YOU THINK 755 00:16:22,314 --> 00:16:23,649 "MAKES SENSE, AS A COMPANY, 756 00:16:23,649 --> 00:16:25,050 "THAT WOULD ENABLE YOU?" 757 00:16:25,050 --> 00:16:25,884 AND "WHAT DO YOU THINK 758 00:16:25,884 --> 00:16:26,885 "NASA'S DOING THAT'S 759 00:16:26,885 --> 00:16:27,920 "STOPPING YOU?" 760 00:16:27,920 --> 00:16:28,620 >> MM-HMM. 761 00:16:28,620 --> 00:16:29,288 >> SO LET'S TALK ABOUT 762 00:16:29,288 --> 00:16:30,055 BOTH OF THOSE, AND WHAT ARE 763 00:16:30,055 --> 00:16:31,590 THE THINGS WE CAN DO AS A-- 764 00:16:31,590 --> 00:16:32,925 AS AN AGENCY TO HELP THAT? 765 00:16:32,925 --> 00:16:33,926 'CAUSE WE-- 'CAUSE AS JIM SAID, 766 00:16:33,926 --> 00:16:34,993 THAT'S THE GOAL. 767 00:16:34,993 --> 00:16:35,928 WE'RE TRYING TO BE-- UH, 768 00:16:35,928 --> 00:16:36,862 AND I LIKE THE PHRASE, 769 00:16:36,862 --> 00:16:37,930 "ONE OF MANY CUSTOMERS." 770 00:16:37,930 --> 00:16:39,465 SO HOW DOES THAT HAPPEN? 771 00:16:39,465 --> 00:16:40,366 THAT MEANS THESE OTHER FOLKS 772 00:16:40,366 --> 00:16:41,367 NEED TO BE CUSTOMERS. 773 00:16:41,367 --> 00:16:42,234 THESE OTHER FOLKS NEED TO HAVE 774 00:16:42,234 --> 00:16:44,436 A REASON TO BE IN SPACE. 775 00:16:44,436 --> 00:16:45,504 AND SO, HOW DO WE ENABLE THAT? 776 00:16:45,504 --> 00:16:46,872 SO WE'RE REALLY CASTING A WIDE 777 00:16:46,872 --> 00:16:48,707 NET, ASKING PEOPLE WHO HAVE-- 778 00:16:48,707 --> 00:16:50,642 NOT JUST PEOPLE WHO ARE-ARE 779 00:16:50,642 --> 00:16:51,610 THINKING, BUT PEOPLE WHO 780 00:16:51,610 --> 00:16:52,711 HAVE ACTUALLY DONE COMMERCIAL 781 00:16:52,711 --> 00:16:54,613 IDEAS IN SPACE AND SAY, 782 00:16:54,613 --> 00:16:55,714 "OKAY, HOW WOULD IT WORK?" 783 00:16:55,714 --> 00:16:56,382 >> THAT'S RIGHT. 784 00:16:56,382 --> 00:16:57,082 >> SO WE CAN PUT TOGETHER 785 00:16:57,082 --> 00:16:57,716 A REAL PLAN. 786 00:16:57,716 --> 00:16:58,517 I THINK THAT'S THE KEY. 787 00:16:58,517 --> 00:16:59,318 >> YEAH, WORK, AND THEN 788 00:16:59,318 --> 00:17:00,819 ALSO, BE SUSTAINABLE. 789 00:17:00,819 --> 00:17:01,520 >> EXACTLY. 790 00:17:01,520 --> 00:17:02,254 >> SOMETHING-SOMETHING THAT'S 791 00:17:02,254 --> 00:17:03,188 A BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY, 792 00:17:03,188 --> 00:17:04,323 SOMETHING THAT YOU WANT PEOPLE 793 00:17:04,323 --> 00:17:05,958 TO COME AND PARTICIPATE IN. 794 00:17:05,958 --> 00:17:06,859 >> EXACTLY. 795 00:17:06,859 --> 00:17:07,760 >> YOU KNOW, IT'S-IT'S IN A-- 796 00:17:07,760 --> 00:17:08,560 IT'S SOMETHING THAT 797 00:17:08,560 --> 00:17:09,361 COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIES 798 00:17:09,361 --> 00:17:10,028 CAN PROFIT FROM. 799 00:17:10,028 --> 00:17:10,763 >> YEAH. 800 00:17:10,763 --> 00:17:11,497 >> UM-- 801 00:17:11,497 --> 00:17:12,197 >> I THINK WE SEE WHAT-- 802 00:17:12,197 --> 00:17:12,865 IF I-- IF I COULD JUST 803 00:17:12,865 --> 00:17:13,499 ADD TO THAT? 804 00:17:13,499 --> 00:17:14,133 >> YEAH, SURE. 805 00:17:14,133 --> 00:17:14,800 >> I THINK WE'RE SEEING, 806 00:17:14,800 --> 00:17:15,467 ON STATION, WITH THE-- 807 00:17:15,467 --> 00:17:16,235 WITH THE NATIONAL LAB AND OTHER 808 00:17:16,235 --> 00:17:18,103 THINGS, WHERE IT'S NOT-- 809 00:17:18,103 --> 00:17:20,939 IT'S NOT REAL, REAL SIMPLE 810 00:17:20,939 --> 00:17:22,474 TO START A COMPANY 811 00:17:22,474 --> 00:17:23,842 IN SPACE, RIGHT? 812 00:17:23,842 --> 00:17:24,910 IT'S NOT REAL, REAL SIMPLE 813 00:17:24,910 --> 00:17:26,211 TO START CREATING A PRODUCT 814 00:17:26,211 --> 00:17:26,912 IN SPACE. 815 00:17:26,912 --> 00:17:28,714 IT TAKES, UH, SOME HELP FROM 816 00:17:28,714 --> 00:17:30,816 NASA, JUST TO GET UP THERE. 817 00:17:30,816 --> 00:17:31,617 IT TAKES PEOPLE WITH 818 00:17:31,617 --> 00:17:32,918 EXPERTISE ABOUT WHAT HAPPENS, 819 00:17:32,918 --> 00:17:34,086 UH, IN SPACE. 820 00:17:34,086 --> 00:17:34,787 AND THEN IT TAKES 821 00:17:34,787 --> 00:17:35,921 TRI-TRIAL AND ERROR. 822 00:17:35,921 --> 00:17:37,222 SO THE NATIONAL LAB IS A GREAT 823 00:17:37,222 --> 00:17:38,390 EXAMPLE, WHERE WE TAKE PEOPLE 824 00:17:38,390 --> 00:17:39,725 WHO ARE INTERESTED, WHO AREN'T 825 00:17:39,725 --> 00:17:41,326 OUR NORMAL SPACE FOLKS THAT 826 00:17:41,326 --> 00:17:43,061 HAVE BEEN IN SPACE, ALL SORTS 827 00:17:43,061 --> 00:17:44,730 OF DIFFERENT COMPANIES. 828 00:17:44,730 --> 00:17:46,398 UM, AND THEN WE, UH, 829 00:17:46,398 --> 00:17:47,266 GIVE THEM-- TALK ABOUT 830 00:17:47,266 --> 00:17:48,066 THE OPPORTUNITIES. 831 00:17:48,066 --> 00:17:48,967 WE TIE THEM WITH PEOPLE 832 00:17:48,967 --> 00:17:49,935 WHO HAVE CAPABILITIES. 833 00:17:49,935 --> 00:17:50,769 WE LINK 'EM WITH PEOPLE 834 00:17:50,769 --> 00:17:51,870 WHO HAVE MONEY, SAY, 835 00:17:51,870 --> 00:17:52,638 "HEY, THESE PEOPLE MIGHT BE 836 00:17:52,638 --> 00:17:53,572 "INTERESTED, TOO." 837 00:17:53,572 --> 00:17:54,139 >> YEAH. 838 00:17:54,139 --> 00:17:54,840 >> 'CAUSE IT'S SEEDING THAT 839 00:17:54,840 --> 00:17:55,774 THAT'S REALLY, REALLY IMPORTANT. 840 00:17:55,774 --> 00:17:57,042 AND I THINK WHAT'LL-- 841 00:17:57,042 --> 00:17:58,076 THE KEY WAS-- IF O-- 842 00:17:58,076 --> 00:17:59,211 WHEN ONE OF THOSE TAKES OFF, 843 00:17:59,211 --> 00:18:00,112 WHERE SOMEBODY REALLY STARTS 844 00:18:00,112 --> 00:18:01,113 MAKING MONEY-- 845 00:18:01,113 --> 00:18:01,847 >> MM-HMM. 846 00:18:01,847 --> 00:18:02,881 >> --UH, IN SPACE, UH, 847 00:18:02,881 --> 00:18:03,682 THAT'LL BE GREAT FOR US. 848 00:18:03,682 --> 00:18:04,349 WE JUST NEED TO 849 00:18:04,349 --> 00:18:05,117 GET OUT OF THE WAY. 850 00:18:05,117 --> 00:18:05,884 'CAUSE THEY'RE-THEY'RE GONNA 851 00:18:05,884 --> 00:18:06,452 TO BE DOING THEIR THING. 852 00:18:06,452 --> 00:18:07,753 AND THAT'S REALLY GONNA HELP US 853 00:18:07,753 --> 00:18:08,954 REDUCE OUR FIXED COSTS. 854 00:18:08,954 --> 00:18:09,655 'CAUSE THEY'LL BE BUYING 855 00:18:09,655 --> 00:18:10,656 SERVICES, TOO. 856 00:18:10,656 --> 00:18:11,256 >> FOR SURE. 857 00:18:11,256 --> 00:18:11,990 >> IT'S GOING TO BE GOOD. 858 00:18:11,990 --> 00:18:12,991 >> AND THEN WHEN THAT HAPPENS, 859 00:18:12,991 --> 00:18:14,493 THEN AS MARK SAID, W-WE WILL 860 00:18:14,493 --> 00:18:16,628 BE-- NASA WILL BE ONE CUSTOMER 861 00:18:16,628 --> 00:18:17,663 OF MANY CUSTOMERS, WHICH 862 00:18:17,663 --> 00:18:19,031 DRIVES DOWN OUR PRICE. 863 00:18:19,031 --> 00:18:20,365 BUT WE WILL ALSO HAVE 864 00:18:20,365 --> 00:18:21,834 A LOT OF PROVIDERS. 865 00:18:21,834 --> 00:18:22,868 WHEN I SAY A LOT OF PROVIDERS, 866 00:18:22,868 --> 00:18:23,502 WE'LL HAVE A LOT OF 867 00:18:23,502 --> 00:18:24,970 LAUNCH PROVIDERS. 868 00:18:24,970 --> 00:18:26,071 WE'LL HAVE A LOT OF, 869 00:18:26,071 --> 00:18:27,206 POTENTIALLY, COMMERCIAL 870 00:18:27,206 --> 00:18:28,974 SPACE STATIONS THAT WE CAN TAKE 871 00:18:28,974 --> 00:18:30,409 OUR NASA ASTRONAUTS TO 872 00:18:30,409 --> 00:18:31,477 ON COMMERCIAL LAUNCH, 873 00:18:31,477 --> 00:18:33,278 UM, PROVIDERS. 874 00:18:33,278 --> 00:18:34,813 UM, AND THEN SO IF YOU HAVE 875 00:18:34,813 --> 00:18:36,215 MULTIPLE PROVIDERS, AND WE ARE 876 00:18:36,215 --> 00:18:38,450 ONE OF MANY CUSTOMERS, THEN, 877 00:18:38,450 --> 00:18:40,285 UM, THEY'RE COMPETING 878 00:18:40,285 --> 00:18:41,587 ON INNOVATION. 879 00:18:41,587 --> 00:18:42,888 THEY'RE TRYING TO DO MORE, 880 00:18:42,888 --> 00:18:44,323 UH, IN ORDER TO BECOME 881 00:18:44,323 --> 00:18:45,624 A BIGGER, YOU KNOW-- 882 00:18:45,624 --> 00:18:46,391 THEY WANT US TO BE 883 00:18:46,391 --> 00:18:47,826 AN-AN EVEN BIGGER CUSTOMER. 884 00:18:47,826 --> 00:18:48,961 SO THEY'RE GONNA COMPETE 885 00:18:48,961 --> 00:18:49,661 ON INNOVATION. 886 00:18:49,661 --> 00:18:50,362 THEY'RE GONNA COMPETE 887 00:18:50,362 --> 00:18:51,330 ON COSTS. 888 00:18:51,330 --> 00:18:52,631 THAT MEANS NASA CAN DO MORE 889 00:18:52,631 --> 00:18:54,066 THAN IT'S EVER DONE BEFORE. 890 00:18:54,066 --> 00:18:55,300 IT ALSO MEANS THAT WE'RE GONNA 891 00:18:55,300 --> 00:18:56,101 BE ABLE TO TAKE 892 00:18:56,101 --> 00:18:57,503 OUR RESOURCES FROM 893 00:18:57,503 --> 00:18:59,004 THE TAXPAYER AND DO THINGS 894 00:18:59,004 --> 00:18:59,972 FOR WHICH THERE IS 895 00:18:59,972 --> 00:19:01,406 NO COMMERCIAL MARKETPLACE. 896 00:19:01,406 --> 00:19:03,709 WE CAN FLY TO THE MOON ON SLS 897 00:19:03,709 --> 00:19:05,244 AND ORION, WHICH RIGHT NOW, 898 00:19:05,244 --> 00:19:06,278 THERE ISN'T A COMMERCIAL 899 00:19:06,278 --> 00:19:07,379 CAPABILITY THERE. 900 00:19:07,379 --> 00:19:08,013 >> RIGHT. 901 00:19:08,013 --> 00:19:08,881 >> AND OF COURSE, WE CAN BUILD 902 00:19:08,881 --> 00:19:09,882 THE GATEWAY. 903 00:19:09,882 --> 00:19:11,116 AND THE FIRST GATEWAY IS ABOUT 904 00:19:11,116 --> 00:19:12,484 MORE ACCESS TO MORE PARTS 905 00:19:12,484 --> 00:19:13,652 OF THE MOON THAN EVER BEFORE. 906 00:19:13,652 --> 00:19:15,053 AND THE SECOND GATEWAY IS 907 00:19:15,053 --> 00:19:16,321 A DEEP SPACE TRANSPORT 908 00:19:16,321 --> 00:19:17,756 THAT TAKES US TO MARS. 909 00:19:17,756 --> 00:19:19,892 SO ALL OF THOSE CAPABILITIES 910 00:19:19,892 --> 00:19:21,126 ARE DEPENDENT ON 911 00:19:21,126 --> 00:19:22,261 US COMMERCIALIZING 912 00:19:22,261 --> 00:19:22,961 LOW EARTH ORBIT. 913 00:19:22,961 --> 00:19:23,729 WE DON'T WANNA LOSE 914 00:19:23,729 --> 00:19:24,496 LOW EARTH ORBIT. 915 00:19:24,496 --> 00:19:25,230 WE JUST WANT IT TO BE 916 00:19:25,230 --> 00:19:26,365 COMMERCIALIZED. 917 00:19:26,365 --> 00:19:27,666 UM, AND THEN WE CAN TAKE 918 00:19:27,666 --> 00:19:28,967 OUR RESOURCES AND DO THINGS 919 00:19:28,967 --> 00:19:29,868 WHERE THERE IS NO 920 00:19:29,868 --> 00:19:31,136 COMMERCIAL MARKET YET. 921 00:19:31,136 --> 00:19:31,770 >> YEAH. 922 00:19:31,770 --> 00:19:32,437 WE DON'T WANT TO LOSE IT. 923 00:19:32,437 --> 00:19:33,205 IT GOES BACK TO YOUR POINT 924 00:19:33,205 --> 00:19:34,339 OF SAYING CONTINUING 925 00:19:34,339 --> 00:19:35,240 ACCESS, RIGHT? 926 00:19:35,240 --> 00:19:36,308 WE STILL WANT TO BE A PART OF 927 00:19:36,308 --> 00:19:37,242 THAT-- NASA IS ONE OF 928 00:19:37,242 --> 00:19:38,477 MANY CUSTOMERS-- BUT ALSO, 929 00:19:38,477 --> 00:19:39,511 THE ACCESS, YOU KNOW, 930 00:19:39,511 --> 00:19:41,079 FOR-FOR ASTRONAUTS, TOO. 931 00:19:41,079 --> 00:19:42,247 AND EVEN FOR-FOR PRIVATE 932 00:19:42,247 --> 00:19:43,515 COMPANIES, TO-TO SEND PEOPLE 933 00:19:43,515 --> 00:19:44,316 UP THERE. 934 00:19:44,316 --> 00:19:45,050 AND THAT'S-THAT'S ACTUALLY 935 00:19:45,050 --> 00:19:46,585 A MONEY-MAKING ENDEAVOR AS WELL. 936 00:19:46,585 --> 00:19:47,586 BUT THE-- YOU KNOW, 937 00:19:47,586 --> 00:19:49,087 WHILE WE'RE-- WHILE WE'RE ALSO 938 00:19:49,087 --> 00:19:50,255 DOING THAT, THERE'S 939 00:19:50,255 --> 00:19:52,391 THIS-THIS ECONOMY DOWN THERE, 940 00:19:52,391 --> 00:19:53,692 SO WE CAN FOCUS ON, 941 00:19:53,692 --> 00:19:55,193 LIKE YOU'RE SAYING, EXPLORATION. 942 00:19:55,193 --> 00:19:56,161 AND THIS GATEWAY THING, 943 00:19:56,161 --> 00:19:56,895 I DON'T THINK IT'S SOMETHING 944 00:19:56,895 --> 00:19:57,663 WE'VE TOUCHED ON SO MUCH 945 00:19:57,663 --> 00:19:58,564 ON THIS SHOW. 946 00:19:58,564 --> 00:20:01,366 SO-SO WE'VE-- WHAT IS GATEWAY? 947 00:20:01,366 --> 00:20:02,668 WHAT IS THIS THING? 948 00:20:02,668 --> 00:20:04,937 >> SO THE IDEA IS, UM, 949 00:20:04,937 --> 00:20:06,104 SPACE POLICY DIRECTIVE ONE 950 00:20:06,104 --> 00:20:07,406 SAYS WE'RE GOING TO THE MOON. 951 00:20:07,406 --> 00:20:08,106 >> YEAH. 952 00:20:08,106 --> 00:20:08,807 >> IT ALSO SAYS THAT 953 00:20:08,807 --> 00:20:10,576 WE'RE GONNA GO SUSTAINABLY. 954 00:20:10,576 --> 00:20:11,043 >> HMM. 955 00:20:11,043 --> 00:20:12,311 >> IN OTHER WORDS, UM, 956 00:20:12,311 --> 00:20:13,145 WE'RE NOT GONNA DO 957 00:20:13,145 --> 00:20:14,513 FLAGS AND FOOTPRINTS AGAIN. 958 00:20:14,513 --> 00:20:15,147 BUT THIS TIME, 959 00:20:15,147 --> 00:20:15,747 WHEN WE GO TO THE MOON, 960 00:20:15,747 --> 00:20:16,949 WE'RE GOING TO STAY. 961 00:20:16,949 --> 00:20:17,583 >> MM-HMM. 962 00:20:17,583 --> 00:20:18,283 >> SO ONE OF THE WAYS 963 00:20:18,283 --> 00:20:19,217 TO MAKE SURE THAT WE DON'T 964 00:20:19,217 --> 00:20:20,285 COME HOME IS TO PUT 965 00:20:20,285 --> 00:20:23,322 A SPACE STATION AROUND THE MOON 966 00:20:23,322 --> 00:20:25,624 FOR A VERY LONG PERIOD OF TIME. 967 00:20:25,624 --> 00:20:26,692 AND WE'RE-- YOU KNOW, 968 00:20:26,692 --> 00:20:27,092 IT'S GONNA HAVE 969 00:20:27,092 --> 00:20:28,527 SOLAR-ELECTRIC PROPULSION, 970 00:20:28,527 --> 00:20:29,728 WHICH MEANS, UH, 971 00:20:29,728 --> 00:20:31,263 VERY HIGH SPECIFIC IMPULSE. 972 00:20:31,263 --> 00:20:34,633 IN OTHER WORDS, UH, THE, UH-- 973 00:20:34,633 --> 00:20:35,934 THE FUEL ECONOMY WILL BE 974 00:20:35,934 --> 00:20:36,935 VERY, VERY HIGH. 975 00:20:36,935 --> 00:20:37,603 >> NICE. 976 00:20:37,603 --> 00:20:38,337 >> UH, SO IT CAN STAY THERE 977 00:20:38,337 --> 00:20:39,504 FOR A LONG PERIOD OF TIME. 978 00:20:39,504 --> 00:20:40,238 AND IT'S IN WHAT'S CALLED 979 00:20:40,238 --> 00:20:41,840 A NEAR RECTILINE-- 980 00:20:41,840 --> 00:20:43,642 NEAR RECTILINEAR HALO ORBIT, 981 00:20:43,642 --> 00:20:44,876 WHICH MEANS IT'S KIND OF 982 00:20:44,876 --> 00:20:46,845 BALANCED BETWEEN EARTH OR-- 983 00:20:46,845 --> 00:20:47,980 YOU KNOW, EARTH AND THE MOON 984 00:20:47,980 --> 00:20:48,880 ARE-- YOU KNOW, THE GRAVITY 985 00:20:48,880 --> 00:20:49,715 WELLS OF THE TWO 986 00:20:49,715 --> 00:20:50,916 PLANETARY BODIES. 987 00:20:50,916 --> 00:20:52,484 SO ALL OF THAT BEING SAID, 988 00:20:52,484 --> 00:20:53,318 IT CAN BE THERE FOR 989 00:20:53,318 --> 00:20:55,454 A LONG, LONG TIME. 990 00:20:55,454 --> 00:20:57,255 UM, AND THEN WHAT WE NEED IS 991 00:20:57,255 --> 00:20:58,490 WE NEED REUSABILITY. 992 00:20:58,490 --> 00:20:59,591 WE-WE KNOW WHAT HAPPENS 993 00:20:59,591 --> 00:21:00,759 WITH REUSABLE LAUNCH. 994 00:21:00,759 --> 00:21:02,027 THE COSTS GO DOWN, 995 00:21:02,027 --> 00:21:03,462 ACCESS GOES UP. 996 00:21:03,462 --> 00:21:04,663 WE NEED, YOU KNOW, 997 00:21:04,663 --> 00:21:05,931 TUGS BETWEEN EARTH ORBIT 998 00:21:05,931 --> 00:21:08,500 AND LUNAR ORBIT TO BE REUSABLE. 999 00:21:08,500 --> 00:21:09,701 WE NEED LANDERS THAT GO 1000 00:21:09,701 --> 00:21:11,403 FROM THAT GATEWAY, 1001 00:21:11,403 --> 00:21:12,871 THAT SPACE STATION, IN ORBIT 1002 00:21:12,871 --> 00:21:13,805 AROUND THE MOON-- 1003 00:21:13,805 --> 00:21:16,041 WE NEED LANDERS TO BE REUSABLE. 1004 00:21:16,041 --> 00:21:18,510 ALL OF THAT, UM, REUSABILITY 1005 00:21:18,510 --> 00:21:19,711 IS WHAT MAKES EVERYTHING 1006 00:21:19,711 --> 00:21:21,046 SUSTAINABLE. 1007 00:21:21,046 --> 00:21:21,713 THE OTHER THING THAT'S 1008 00:21:21,713 --> 00:21:22,547 IMPORTANT IS, WHEN WE GO 1009 00:21:22,547 --> 00:21:24,916 TO THE MOON, WE WANNA HAVE 1010 00:21:24,916 --> 00:21:26,251 ACCESS TO EVERY PART 1011 00:21:26,251 --> 00:21:27,419 OF THE MOON, NOT JUST 1012 00:21:27,419 --> 00:21:29,755 THE EQUATORIAL REGIONS. 1013 00:21:29,755 --> 00:21:32,190 UM, FROM 1969, WHEN WE FIRST 1014 00:21:32,190 --> 00:21:33,025 LANDED ON THE MOON, 1015 00:21:33,025 --> 00:21:34,993 ALL THE WAY UP UNTIL 2008, 1016 00:21:34,993 --> 00:21:36,728 39 YEARS, WE BELIEVED THAT 1017 00:21:36,728 --> 00:21:38,664 THE MOON WAS BONE DRY. 1018 00:21:38,664 --> 00:21:41,366 AND IN 2008, AND THEN MORE 1019 00:21:41,366 --> 00:21:43,769 IN 2009, WE DISCOVERED THAT 1020 00:21:43,769 --> 00:21:45,037 THERE'S HUNDREDS OF BILLIONS 1021 00:21:45,037 --> 00:21:46,438 OF TONS OF WATER ICE 1022 00:21:46,438 --> 00:21:48,006 ON THE SURFACE OF THE MOON. 1023 00:21:48,006 --> 00:21:49,207 WATER ICE REPRESENTS, 1024 00:21:49,207 --> 00:21:51,076 YOU KNOW, WATER TO DRINK, 1025 00:21:51,076 --> 00:21:51,710 OF COURSE. 1026 00:21:51,710 --> 00:21:52,577 BUT IT ALSO REPRESENTS 1027 00:21:52,577 --> 00:21:54,046 AIR TO BREATHE. 1028 00:21:54,046 --> 00:21:56,014 AND IT REPRESENTS ROCKET FUEL-- 1029 00:21:56,014 --> 00:21:57,249 HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN, 1030 00:21:57,249 --> 00:21:58,917 ULTIMATELY-- WHEN SEPARATED 1031 00:21:58,917 --> 00:22:00,419 INTO ITS COMPONENT PARTS 1032 00:22:00,419 --> 00:22:02,254 AND PUT INTO CRYOGENIC FORM, 1033 00:22:02,254 --> 00:22:04,022 THAT'S-THAT'S ROCKET FUEL. 1034 00:22:04,022 --> 00:22:07,025 NOW, UM, SPACE POLICY 1035 00:22:07,025 --> 00:22:08,427 DIRECTIVE ONE, SIGNED BY 1036 00:22:08,427 --> 00:22:09,628 THE PRESIDENT, ACTUALLY TALKS 1037 00:22:09,628 --> 00:22:11,663 ABOUT UTILIZING THE RESOURCES 1038 00:22:11,663 --> 00:22:12,698 OF THE MOON. 1039 00:22:12,698 --> 00:22:14,066 SO AGAIN, WE WANNA 1040 00:22:14,066 --> 00:22:15,367 GO SUSTAINABLY. 1041 00:22:15,367 --> 00:22:16,435 WE WANNA NOT DO 1042 00:22:16,435 --> 00:22:17,302 FLAGS AND FOOTPRINTS. 1043 00:22:17,302 --> 00:22:18,637 WE WANNA BE THERE TO STAY. 1044 00:22:18,637 --> 00:22:19,204 >> MM-HMM. 1045 00:22:19,204 --> 00:22:19,771 >> WE WANT TO UTILIZE 1046 00:22:19,771 --> 00:22:21,406 THE RESOURCES OF-OF THE MOON, 1047 00:22:21,406 --> 00:22:23,308 NAMELY, WATER ICE, FOR NOW. 1048 00:22:23,308 --> 00:22:24,109 >> MM-HMM. 1049 00:22:24,109 --> 00:22:25,077 >> BUT IT'S ALSO TRUE-- 1050 00:22:25,077 --> 00:22:26,144 AND WE DON'T KNOW, BUT 1051 00:22:26,144 --> 00:22:27,813 IT'S TRUE THAT THERE COULD BE, 1052 00:22:27,813 --> 00:22:30,082 YOU KNOW, PLATINUM GROUP METALS 1053 00:22:30,082 --> 00:22:31,516 ON THE SURFACE OF THE MOON. 1054 00:22:31,516 --> 00:22:33,285 RARE-- YOU KNOW, ON EARTH, 1055 00:22:33,285 --> 00:22:35,487 WE CALL THEM RARE EARTH METALS. 1056 00:22:35,487 --> 00:22:36,321 BUT THEY'RE REALLY 1057 00:22:36,321 --> 00:22:37,355 ASTEROID IMPACTS FROM 1058 00:22:37,355 --> 00:22:38,724 BILLIONS OF YEARS AGO. 1059 00:22:38,724 --> 00:22:40,192 WELL, THE MOON HAS THE SAME-- 1060 00:22:40,192 --> 00:22:41,393 THE SAME, YOU KNOW, PATH 1061 00:22:41,393 --> 00:22:42,260 THAT THE MOON HAS 1062 00:22:42,260 --> 00:22:43,929 THROUGH THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 1063 00:22:43,929 --> 00:22:44,863 >> YEAH. 1064 00:22:44,863 --> 00:22:45,831 >> WHICH-WHICH MEANS THAT 1065 00:22:45,831 --> 00:22:47,666 IT PROBABLY IMPACTED THE SAME 1066 00:22:47,666 --> 00:22:48,734 ASTEROID THAT THE EARTH HAS 1067 00:22:48,734 --> 00:22:49,768 IMPACTED, WHICH MEANS 1068 00:22:49,768 --> 00:22:52,170 THERE COULD BE, UM, A-A LOT. 1069 00:22:52,170 --> 00:22:52,971 THERE COULD BE TRILLIONS 1070 00:22:52,971 --> 00:22:53,739 OF DOLLARS WORTH OF 1071 00:22:53,739 --> 00:22:54,740 PLATINUM GROUP METALS 1072 00:22:54,740 --> 00:22:56,241 ON THE SURFACE OF THE MOON. 1073 00:22:56,241 --> 00:22:57,609 WE DON'T KNOW, BUT CERTAINLY, 1074 00:22:57,609 --> 00:23:00,045 UH, WE SHOULD FIND OUT. 1075 00:23:00,045 --> 00:23:01,012 AND IT SHOULD BE 1076 00:23:01,012 --> 00:23:01,646 THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1077 00:23:01,646 --> 00:23:02,380 THAT FINDS OUT, 1078 00:23:02,380 --> 00:23:03,315 NOT SOMEBODY ELSE. 1079 00:23:03,315 --> 00:23:04,282 >> RIGHT, YEAH, SO 1080 00:23:04,282 --> 00:23:05,217 I-I LIKE THIS IDEA OF 1081 00:23:05,217 --> 00:23:06,551 GATEWAY, BECAUSE BASICALLY, 1082 00:23:06,551 --> 00:23:08,186 WHAT YOU'RE DESCRIBING IS-IS 1083 00:23:08,186 --> 00:23:09,087 DEVELOPING NOT ONLY 1084 00:23:09,087 --> 00:23:11,022 THE SPACE STATION AND ACCESS, 1085 00:23:11,022 --> 00:23:12,290 BUT ALSO A CAPABILITY, 1086 00:23:12,290 --> 00:23:13,325 A FLEXIBLE CAPABILITY. 1087 00:23:13,325 --> 00:23:13,959 >> THAT'S RIGHT. 1088 00:23:13,959 --> 00:23:15,827 >> SO IT-IT ORBITS THE MOON. 1089 00:23:15,827 --> 00:23:17,429 BUT BASICALLY, AFTER THAT, 1090 00:23:17,429 --> 00:23:18,997 YOU CAN KIND OF DECIDE, 1091 00:23:18,997 --> 00:23:20,232 OH, YOU-- IT'S ALL ABOUT 1092 00:23:20,232 --> 00:23:21,166 EXPLORATION, RIGHT? 1093 00:23:21,166 --> 00:23:21,800 >> THAT'S RIGHT. 1094 00:23:21,800 --> 00:23:22,534 >> SO AS SOON AS YOU FIND 1095 00:23:22,534 --> 00:23:23,935 SOMETHING NEW, YOU CAN-- 1096 00:23:23,935 --> 00:23:24,736 YOU KNOW, OH, 1097 00:23:26,438 --> 00:23:25,670 LET'S GO CHECK THAT OUT. 1098 00:23:26,438 --> 00:23:27,172 >> EXACTLY. 1099 00:23:27,172 --> 00:23:28,039 >> IT'S ENABLING THIS ACCESS. 1100 00:23:28,039 --> 00:23:29,741 IT'S A-- IT'S A AWESOME TIME. 1101 00:23:29,741 --> 00:23:30,542 AND THE THING THAT'S GONNA 1102 00:23:30,542 --> 00:23:31,676 TAKE US THERE, RIGHT, IS 1103 00:23:31,676 --> 00:23:33,578 THE SPACE LAUNCH SYSTEM, RIGHT? 1104 00:23:33,578 --> 00:23:34,479 >> THAT'S W-- YEAH. 1105 00:23:34,479 --> 00:23:35,380 AND-AND IN FACT, 1106 00:23:35,380 --> 00:23:36,615 COMMERCIAL PARTNERS AS WELL. 1107 00:23:36,615 --> 00:23:37,282 >> OH, OKAY. 1108 00:23:37,282 --> 00:23:37,949 >> IT'S ALL GONNA BE 1109 00:23:37,949 --> 00:23:38,884 OPEN ARCHITECTURE. 1110 00:23:38,884 --> 00:23:40,552 SO, UH, WHETHER PEOPLE ARE 1111 00:23:40,552 --> 00:23:42,087 DOCKING OR USING THE POWER 1112 00:23:42,087 --> 00:23:44,189 OF THE GATEWAY, UM, YOU KNOW, 1113 00:23:44,189 --> 00:23:45,524 WE-WE WANT-- WE WANT 1114 00:23:45,524 --> 00:23:46,892 OUR COMMERCIAL PARTNERS TO BE 1115 00:23:46,892 --> 00:23:48,627 ABLE TO BUILD THEIR OWN LANDERS. 1116 00:23:48,627 --> 00:23:50,061 WE WANT OUR-OUR INTERNATIONAL 1117 00:23:50,061 --> 00:23:51,129 PARTNERS TO BE ABLE TO BUILD 1118 00:23:51,129 --> 00:23:52,531 THEIR OWN LANDERS. 1119 00:23:52,531 --> 00:23:53,932 UM, THE-THE GOAL HERE, 1120 00:23:53,932 --> 00:23:55,000 ULTIMATELY, IS FOR 1121 00:23:55,000 --> 00:23:56,234 THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1122 00:23:56,234 --> 00:23:58,904 TO ASSUME THE LEAD, AND THEN 1123 00:23:58,904 --> 00:24:00,405 ENABLE OUR COMMERCIAL 1124 00:24:00,405 --> 00:24:01,573 AND INTERNATIONAL PARTNERS 1125 00:24:01,573 --> 00:24:03,708 TO DO MORE AND-AND BE THERE 1126 00:24:03,708 --> 00:24:05,510 FOR A VERY LONG PERIOD OF TIME. 1127 00:24:05,510 --> 00:24:06,244 >> MM-HMM. 1128 00:24:06,244 --> 00:24:07,078 >> SO THAT WE CAN LEARN, 1129 00:24:07,078 --> 00:24:07,913 SCIENTIFICALLY, MORE ABOUT 1130 00:24:07,913 --> 00:24:08,713 THE MOON THAN WE'VE EVER 1131 00:24:08,713 --> 00:24:09,514 KNOWN BEFORE. 1132 00:24:09,514 --> 00:24:11,049 LIKE I SAID, WE FIRST 1133 00:24:11,049 --> 00:24:13,118 DISCOVERED WATER ICE IN 2008. 1134 00:24:13,118 --> 00:24:15,387 UM, WHAT ELSE DO WE NOT KNOW 1135 00:24:15,387 --> 00:24:16,621 ABOUT THE SURFACE OF THE MOON? 1136 00:24:16,621 --> 00:24:17,389 AND I'M WILLING TO BET 1137 00:24:17,389 --> 00:24:19,057 THERE IS A LOT WE DON'T KNOW. 1138 00:24:19,057 --> 00:24:19,891 >> THAT'S RIGHT. 1139 00:24:19,891 --> 00:24:22,127 >> UH, AND THEN ULTIMATELY, 1140 00:24:22,127 --> 00:24:23,595 AGAIN, RETIRING THE RISK 1141 00:24:23,595 --> 00:24:25,397 ON A LOT OF THESE CAPABILITIES 1142 00:24:25,397 --> 00:24:26,998 AND TECHNOLOGIES, SO THAT 1143 00:24:26,998 --> 00:24:28,800 THAT GATEWAY CAN BE-- 1144 00:24:28,800 --> 00:24:30,502 IN THE LONG RUN, THE SECOND 1145 00:24:30,502 --> 00:24:31,870 GATEWAY-- CAN BE OUR DEEP SPACE 1146 00:24:31,870 --> 00:24:34,339 TRANSPORT TO-TO GET US TO MARS. 1147 00:24:34,339 --> 00:24:35,473 AND WE WANT THIS ENTIRE 1148 00:24:35,473 --> 00:24:37,475 ARCHITECTURE TO BE REPLICABLE. 1149 00:24:37,475 --> 00:24:38,610 LIKE, WE WANNA BE ABLE TO 1150 00:24:38,610 --> 00:24:39,811 TAKE IT TO MARS. 1151 00:24:39,811 --> 00:24:40,545 >> MM-HMM. 1152 00:24:40,545 --> 00:24:41,279 >> AND, UH, THAT'S-THAT'S 1153 00:24:41,279 --> 00:24:42,013 THE OBJECTIVE. 1154 00:24:42,013 --> 00:24:42,914 NOW, I KNOW, YOU KNOW, 1155 00:24:42,914 --> 00:24:44,282 MARS AND-AND THE MOON ARE NOT 1156 00:24:44,282 --> 00:24:45,450 THE SAME. 1157 00:24:45,450 --> 00:24:46,484 MARS HAS AN ATMOSPHERE 1158 00:24:46,484 --> 00:24:48,086 WHICH MAKES ENTRY, DESCENT, 1159 00:24:48,086 --> 00:24:48,987 AND LANDING A LITTLE BIT 1160 00:24:48,987 --> 00:24:50,288 MORE CHALLENGING. 1161 00:24:50,288 --> 00:24:51,790 UM, BUT AT THE SAME TIME, 1162 00:24:51,790 --> 00:24:53,225 UH, AS MUCH OF IT THAT WE CAN 1163 00:24:53,225 --> 00:24:54,292 REPLICATE, WE WANNA BE ABLE 1164 00:24:54,292 --> 00:24:55,360 TO-TO REPLICATE. 1165 00:24:55,360 --> 00:24:56,194 >> FOR SURE. 1166 00:24:56,194 --> 00:24:56,995 ANOTHER THEME YOU'VE BEEN 1167 00:24:56,995 --> 00:24:58,330 TOUCHING ON IS-IS THIS IDEA OF 1168 00:24:58,330 --> 00:24:59,698 LEADERSHIP, THE IDEA OF-OF 1169 00:24:59,698 --> 00:25:01,366 AMERICANS, UH, LEADING 1170 00:25:01,366 --> 00:25:02,467 THIS-THIS EFFORT. 1171 00:25:02,467 --> 00:25:03,435 SO WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT 1172 00:25:03,435 --> 00:25:05,403 TO THIS-- TO THIS DIRECTIVE? 1173 00:25:05,403 --> 00:25:06,338 >> SO A LOT OF PEOPLE DON'T 1174 00:25:06,338 --> 00:25:08,006 REALIZE THE SOFT POWER 1175 00:25:08,006 --> 00:25:09,507 CAPABILITY OF NASA. 1176 00:25:09,507 --> 00:25:11,643 THIS IS REALLY, UM-- YOU KNOW, 1177 00:25:11,643 --> 00:25:13,044 EARLIER YOU ASKED, 1178 00:25:13,044 --> 00:25:13,745 "WHAT DO YOU DO AS 1179 00:25:13,745 --> 00:25:14,679 "THE NASA ADMINISTRATOR?" 1180 00:25:14,679 --> 00:25:16,915 WELL, UM, REALLY, ABOUT 1181 00:25:16,915 --> 00:25:17,849 A MONTH AGO, I WAS AT 1182 00:25:17,849 --> 00:25:18,917 THE FARNBOROUGH AIR SHOW 1183 00:25:18,917 --> 00:25:19,684 IN ENGLAND, MEETING WITH 1184 00:25:19,684 --> 00:25:20,886 THE HEADS OF SPACE AGENCIES 1185 00:25:20,886 --> 00:25:22,320 FROM AROUND THE WORLD. 1186 00:25:22,320 --> 00:25:24,389 UM, AND THE-THE IDEA-- 1187 00:25:24,389 --> 00:25:25,724 YOU KNOW, I WAS GOING TO SELL 1188 00:25:25,724 --> 00:25:27,359 THIS NEW SPACE POLICY DIRECTIVE, 1189 00:25:27,359 --> 00:25:28,293 THAT WE'RE GOING TO THE MOON, 1190 00:25:28,293 --> 00:25:29,327 AND WE'RE GONNA DO 1191 00:25:29,327 --> 00:25:30,862 A SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE 1192 00:25:30,862 --> 00:25:31,830 AT THE MOON, AND WE WANT 1193 00:25:31,830 --> 00:25:33,398 OUR COMMERCIAL AND INTERNATIONAL 1194 00:25:33,398 --> 00:25:34,299 PARTNERS TO JOIN US 1195 00:25:34,299 --> 00:25:35,400 IN THIS EFFORT. 1196 00:25:35,400 --> 00:25:36,334 UH, I THOUGHT I WAS GONNA 1197 00:25:36,334 --> 00:25:37,769 HAVE TO DO A HARD SALES PITCH. 1198 00:25:37,769 --> 00:25:39,337 AND THE REALITY IS, UH, 1199 00:25:39,337 --> 00:25:40,472 THEY'RE READY TO GO. 1200 00:25:40,472 --> 00:25:42,007 IT WAS REALLY EASY. 1201 00:25:42,007 --> 00:25:43,742 THEY'RE SAYING TO ME, UH, 1202 00:25:43,742 --> 00:25:45,010 "TELL US WHAT YOU NEED US 1203 00:25:45,010 --> 00:25:46,211 "TO DO, AND WE'LL GO SELL 1204 00:25:46,211 --> 00:25:47,145 "OUR GOVERNMENTS, BECAUSE 1205 00:25:47,145 --> 00:25:48,146 "WE'RE READY." 1206 00:25:48,146 --> 00:25:49,514 THEY'VE-- A LOT OF COUNTRIES 1207 00:25:49,514 --> 00:25:50,482 AROUND THE WORLD HAVE BEEN 1208 00:25:50,482 --> 00:25:51,983 WAITING TO GO TO THE MOON. 1209 00:25:51,983 --> 00:25:53,518 UM, AND THEY JUST NEEDED, 1210 00:25:53,518 --> 00:25:54,719 YOU KNOW, THE LEADER. 1211 00:25:54,719 --> 00:25:55,587 AND THAT'S WHO WE ARE. 1212 00:25:55,587 --> 00:25:56,554 WE LEAD. 1213 00:25:56,554 --> 00:25:57,555 YOU KNOW, THE OTHER THING THAT 1214 00:25:57,555 --> 00:25:58,456 I THINK IS IMPORTANT ABOUT 1215 00:25:58,456 --> 00:26:00,392 NASA-- WHEN RELATIONSHIPS 1216 00:26:00,392 --> 00:26:01,993 BREAK DOWN AROUND THE WORLD-- 1217 00:26:01,993 --> 00:26:03,328 UM, AND OF COURSE, YOU CAN 1218 00:26:03,328 --> 00:26:04,763 PROBABLY TELL THAT WE'VE HAD 1219 00:26:04,763 --> 00:26:05,797 A STRAINED RELATIONSHIP 1220 00:26:05,797 --> 00:26:07,499 RECENTLY WITH RUSSIA. 1221 00:26:07,499 --> 00:26:08,300 WE'RE ABLE TO CONTINUE TO 1222 00:26:08,300 --> 00:26:09,768 COOPERATE ON 1223 00:26:13,371 --> 00:26:11,703 SPACE-RELATED ACTIVITIES, 1224 00:26:13,371 --> 00:26:14,673 WHICH HAS ENABLED US 1225 00:26:17,042 --> 00:26:15,407 TO DO MORE. 1226 00:26:17,042 --> 00:26:18,176 AND THAT'S REALLY AN-- 1227 00:26:18,176 --> 00:26:20,845 A LINE OF COMMUNICATION, UM, 1228 00:26:20,845 --> 00:26:22,447 THAT WOULD NOT BE AVAILABLE 1229 00:26:22,447 --> 00:26:23,481 WITHOUT NASA. 1230 00:26:23,481 --> 00:26:26,184 SO NASA REPRESENTS, UH, 1231 00:26:26,184 --> 00:26:28,219 AN AMAZING OPPORTUNITY FOR 1232 00:26:28,219 --> 00:26:29,587 THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1233 00:26:29,587 --> 00:26:30,555 TO LEAD. 1234 00:26:30,555 --> 00:26:31,957 IT REPRESENTS A SOFT POWER 1235 00:26:31,957 --> 00:26:34,125 CAPABILITY, AND, UM, 1236 00:26:34,125 --> 00:26:35,727 AND REALLY, AN-AN OPEN CHANNEL 1237 00:26:35,727 --> 00:26:36,761 OF COMMUNICATION WHEN 1238 00:26:36,761 --> 00:26:38,496 OTHER CHANNELS FAIL. 1239 00:26:38,496 --> 00:26:39,631 >> HMM. 1240 00:26:39,631 --> 00:26:40,398 >> SO-- 1241 00:26:40,398 --> 00:26:41,333 >> SO I KNOW IT'S, UH-- 1242 00:26:41,333 --> 00:26:42,133 KIND OF ALONG THESE LINES 1243 00:26:42,133 --> 00:26:43,368 OF AMERICAN LEADERSHIP. 1244 00:26:43,368 --> 00:26:44,302 AND-AND IT'S-- IT GOES BACK 1245 00:26:44,302 --> 00:26:45,437 TO THIS IDEA OF 1246 00:26:45,437 --> 00:26:46,338 COOPERATION, RIGHT? 1247 00:26:46,338 --> 00:26:46,972 IT'S SOMETHING THAT 1248 00:26:46,972 --> 00:26:47,806 WE'RE DOING RIGHT NOW. 1249 00:26:47,806 --> 00:26:48,640 AND MARK, YOU'RE VERY FAMILIAR 1250 00:26:48,640 --> 00:26:49,274 WITH IT, RIGHT? 1251 00:26:49,274 --> 00:26:50,008 YOU'VE WORKED IN 1252 00:26:50,008 --> 00:26:50,675 THE SPACE STATION PROGRAM 1253 00:26:50,675 --> 00:26:51,509 FOR A LONG TIME. 1254 00:26:51,509 --> 00:26:52,711 YOU, YOURSELF, WERE A LEADER 1255 00:26:52,711 --> 00:26:55,180 TO-TO ACTUALLY WORK WITH RUSSIA 1256 00:26:55,180 --> 00:26:56,514 AND MAKE THINGS HAPPEN. 1257 00:26:56,514 --> 00:26:57,682 SO DESCRIBE HOW-- 1258 00:26:57,682 --> 00:26:58,383 IT'S-IT'S CALLED 1259 00:26:58,383 --> 00:26:59,751 AN INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION. 1260 00:26:59,751 --> 00:27:00,919 IT'S CALLED THAT FOR A REASON. 1261 00:27:00,919 --> 00:27:02,220 IT'S BECAUSE IT'S ALL OF THESE 1262 00:27:02,220 --> 00:27:03,221 NATIONS, COMING TOGETHER 1263 00:27:03,221 --> 00:27:04,322 TO MAKE THIS THING, 1264 00:27:04,322 --> 00:27:05,790 THIS SINGLE IDEA, POSSIBLE. 1265 00:27:05,790 --> 00:27:06,624 SO HOW DOES THAT-- 1266 00:27:06,624 --> 00:27:07,525 HOW DOES THAT WORK, 1267 00:27:07,525 --> 00:27:08,426 THIS INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION? 1268 00:27:08,426 --> 00:27:09,394 >> I THINK IT'S A GREAT 1269 00:27:09,394 --> 00:27:10,695 LEAD-IN OR TIE TO 1270 00:27:10,695 --> 00:27:11,730 YOUR PREVIOUS QUESTION, TOO. 1271 00:27:11,730 --> 00:27:13,098 BECAUSE REALLY, IT WAS 1272 00:27:13,098 --> 00:27:14,499 NASA, UNITED STATES, THAT 1273 00:27:14,499 --> 00:27:15,433 SAID, "HEY, WE WANNA DO 1274 00:27:15,433 --> 00:27:16,568 "THIS SPACE STATION." 1275 00:27:16,568 --> 00:27:17,335 >> HMM. 1276 00:27:17,335 --> 00:27:18,169 >> AND "HEY, WE WANNA DO THIS 1277 00:27:18,169 --> 00:27:19,571 "WITH OTHER FOLKS." 1278 00:27:19,571 --> 00:27:20,672 AND THEN THEY CAME ALONGSIDE 1279 00:27:20,672 --> 00:27:21,773 AND DID IT WITH US. 1280 00:27:21,773 --> 00:27:22,474 >> YEAH. 1281 00:27:22,474 --> 00:27:24,109 >> BUT TO DO THAT, SO TO LEAD, 1282 00:27:24,109 --> 00:27:25,477 YOU KNOW, TO BE A GOOD LEADER, 1283 00:27:25,477 --> 00:27:26,144 ONE, YOU HAVE TO HAVE 1284 00:27:26,144 --> 00:27:26,945 A VISION. 1285 00:27:26,945 --> 00:27:27,712 BUT TWO, YOU ALSO HAVE TO 1286 00:27:27,712 --> 00:27:28,780 LISTEN, RIGHT? 1287 00:27:28,780 --> 00:27:29,748 YOU HAVE TO UNDERSTAND 1288 00:27:29,748 --> 00:27:31,416 YOUR PARTNER'S COMMON GOALS. 1289 00:27:31,416 --> 00:27:32,717 AND SO UNIFYING AROUND COMMON 1290 00:27:32,717 --> 00:27:34,252 GOALS IS REALLY IMPORTANT. 1291 00:27:34,252 --> 00:27:35,053 AND THAT WAS A LOT OF 1292 00:27:35,053 --> 00:27:36,021 WHAT WE DID WITH THE RUSSIANS 1293 00:27:36,021 --> 00:27:37,389 IN THE EARLY STAGE, YOU KNOW. 1294 00:27:37,389 --> 00:27:38,957 YOU-YOU SET A POLICY, BUT THEN 1295 00:27:38,957 --> 00:27:40,258 YOU SIT DOWN ACROSS THE TABLE 1296 00:27:40,258 --> 00:27:41,793 AND TALK ABOUT WHAT DRIVES 1297 00:27:41,793 --> 00:27:42,961 THEM, RIGHT, WHAT'S LIKELY 1298 00:27:42,961 --> 00:27:44,863 TO ENABLE SUPPORT WITHIN 1299 00:27:44,863 --> 00:27:46,097 THEIR COUNTRY FOR THEM TO GET 1300 00:27:46,097 --> 00:27:47,198 THE FUNDING TO DO THE THINGS 1301 00:27:47,198 --> 00:27:48,967 THAT-THAT THEY NEED TO DO. 1302 00:27:48,967 --> 00:27:49,734 AND SO A LOT OF THAT IS 1303 00:27:49,734 --> 00:27:50,902 YOU-YOU FIND OUT 1304 00:27:50,902 --> 00:27:52,070 THAT'S WHAT MAKES THESE KIND 1305 00:27:52,070 --> 00:27:53,605 OF PARTNERSHIPS WORK. 1306 00:27:53,605 --> 00:27:55,006 UM, SO STATION'S THE-- 1307 00:27:55,006 --> 00:27:57,042 A-A BIG EXAMPLE OF THAT-- 1308 00:27:57,042 --> 00:27:57,909 NOT JUST THE RUSSIANS, 1309 00:27:57,909 --> 00:27:59,611 BUT OF COURSE, EUROPEANS, 1310 00:27:59,611 --> 00:28:01,346 THE JAPANESE, THE CANADIANS. 1311 00:28:01,346 --> 00:28:02,580 UM, AND ALL OF THEM HAVE 1312 00:28:02,580 --> 00:28:04,049 THEIR OWN THING, RIGHT? 1313 00:28:04,049 --> 00:28:05,116 THEY HAVE THEIR OWN THING 1314 00:28:05,116 --> 00:28:06,117 THAT THEY'RE INTERESTED IN, 1315 00:28:06,117 --> 00:28:06,985 THEIR OWN THING 1316 00:28:06,985 --> 00:28:07,852 THAT DRIVES THEM. 1317 00:28:07,852 --> 00:28:08,720 AND SO YOU'RE TRYING TO FIND 1318 00:28:08,720 --> 00:28:10,055 THE COMMON-- THAT STILL 1319 00:28:10,055 --> 00:28:11,556 MEETS, UH, NASA'S 1320 00:28:11,556 --> 00:28:12,957 AND THE UNITED STATES'S GOALS. 1321 00:28:12,957 --> 00:28:14,559 SO AS JIM SAID, WE'RE TAKIN' 1322 00:28:14,559 --> 00:28:16,094 THAT EXPERIENCE, THEN, 1323 00:28:16,094 --> 00:28:17,095 OUT TO THE MOON. 1324 00:28:17,095 --> 00:28:18,797 'CAUSE ORION HAS A EUROPEAN 1325 00:28:18,797 --> 00:28:19,697 COMPONENT, RIGHT? 1326 00:28:19,697 --> 00:28:20,899 THE EUROPEAN SERVICE MODULE 1327 00:28:20,899 --> 00:28:22,233 IS A BIG PIECE OF ORION. 1328 00:28:22,233 --> 00:28:23,001 >> RIGHT. 1329 00:28:23,001 --> 00:28:23,701 >> IT'S-- AND THAT'S 1330 00:28:23,701 --> 00:28:25,103 A STRATEGIC DECISION TO GO 1331 00:28:25,103 --> 00:28:26,604 PARTNER WITH THEM TO MAKE 1332 00:28:26,604 --> 00:28:27,939 THAT PIECE OF ORION. 1333 00:28:27,939 --> 00:28:29,007 SO WE-- IT'S THE BEGINNING 1334 00:28:29,007 --> 00:28:30,075 OF US LEADING NOW INTO 1335 00:28:30,075 --> 00:28:31,076 THE NEXT PHASE. 1336 00:28:31,076 --> 00:28:33,211 AND, UM, JIM SAID ALSO, 1337 00:28:33,211 --> 00:28:34,813 FOR THE GATEWAY, THERE'LL BE 1338 00:28:34,813 --> 00:28:36,314 INTERNATIONAL AND COMMERCIAL 1339 00:28:36,314 --> 00:28:37,615 PARTNERS AS PART OF THAT, TOO. 1340 00:28:37,615 --> 00:28:38,483 SO IT'S TAKIN' THAT 1341 00:28:38,483 --> 00:28:39,818 EXPERIENCE-- I THINK 1342 00:28:39,818 --> 00:28:41,119 WE'RE LEARNIN' BETTER HOW TO 1343 00:28:41,119 --> 00:28:42,687 PARTNER WITH COMMERCIAL FOLKS, 1344 00:28:42,687 --> 00:28:43,521 'CAUSE THEY HAVE THEIR OWN 1345 00:28:43,521 --> 00:28:44,722 THINGS THAT DRIVE THEM, RIGHT? 1346 00:28:44,722 --> 00:28:46,157 AND-AND HOW DO YOU FIND 1347 00:28:46,157 --> 00:28:49,194 COMMON-COMMON GOALS THAT-THAT 1348 00:28:49,194 --> 00:28:51,262 HELP THEM, HELP THEIR COMPANY, 1349 00:28:51,262 --> 00:28:52,330 UH, BUT STILL LINE UP WITH 1350 00:28:52,330 --> 00:28:54,399 WHAT WE WANT, UH, AS A NATION? 1351 00:28:54,399 --> 00:28:56,501 SO IT'S-IT'S-IT'S A SKILL THAT 1352 00:28:56,501 --> 00:28:57,569 NOT A LOT OF PEOPLE HAVE. 1353 00:28:57,569 --> 00:28:58,436 IT TAKES TIME TO LEARN 1354 00:28:58,436 --> 00:29:00,004 HOW TO DO IT, BUT IT'S, UM, 1355 00:29:00,004 --> 00:29:01,239 IT'S ALWAYS EXCITING, 1356 00:29:01,239 --> 00:29:02,207 AND IT'S A BIG PART, I THINK, 1357 00:29:02,207 --> 00:29:03,174 AS WHAT'S GONNA MAKE US 1358 00:29:03,174 --> 00:29:04,275 SUSTAINABLE, AS JIM SAID, 1359 00:29:04,275 --> 00:29:05,176 IN THE FUTURE. 1360 00:29:05,176 --> 00:29:06,144 >> AND ONE OF THE CHALLENGES 1361 00:29:06,144 --> 00:29:08,279 THAT YOU-YOU KIND OF TOUCHED ON 1362 00:29:08,279 --> 00:29:11,749 IS COMMERCIAL PARTNERS ARE-ARE 1363 00:29:11,749 --> 00:29:13,284 ONE TYPE OF PARTNERSHIP. 1364 00:29:13,284 --> 00:29:14,552 INTERNATIONAL PARTNERS ARE 1365 00:29:14,552 --> 00:29:16,187 ANOTHER TYPE OF PARTNERSHIP. 1366 00:29:16,187 --> 00:29:17,655 AND WE WANT TO ENABLE 1367 00:29:17,655 --> 00:29:19,390 COMMERCIAL TO JOIN US 1368 00:29:19,390 --> 00:29:21,092 AS WE DEVELOP OUR NEXT 1369 00:29:21,092 --> 00:29:23,261 GENERATION OF CAPABILITIES. 1370 00:29:23,261 --> 00:29:24,796 AND THEY WANT TO JOIN US. 1371 00:29:24,796 --> 00:29:25,797 THE-THE CHALLENGE IS 1372 00:29:25,797 --> 00:29:27,632 HOW-HOW DO YOU-- IF-IF YOU'RE 1373 00:29:27,632 --> 00:29:29,134 DEVELOPING THIS ARCHITECTURE 1374 00:29:29,134 --> 00:29:30,068 AND YOU WANT COMMERCIAL 1375 00:29:30,068 --> 00:29:31,469 PARTNERSHIPS IN IT, HOW DO YOU 1376 00:29:31,469 --> 00:29:32,737 THEN INCLUDE INTERNATIONAL 1377 00:29:32,737 --> 00:29:34,005 PARTNERS AS WELL? 1378 00:29:34,005 --> 00:29:35,607 AND SO THE IDEA WOULD BE, 1379 00:29:35,607 --> 00:29:36,441 WELL, WE BRING IN 1380 00:29:36,441 --> 00:29:37,542 OUR COMMERCIAL PARTNERS, 1381 00:29:37,542 --> 00:29:38,743 THEY BRING IN THEIR COMMERCIAL 1382 00:29:38,743 --> 00:29:39,777 PARTNERS, AND THEN WE PARTNER 1383 00:29:39,777 --> 00:29:41,012 AT THE AGENCY LEVEL 1384 00:29:41,012 --> 00:29:41,846 WITH ALL OF OUR COMMERCIAL 1385 00:29:41,846 --> 00:29:43,114 PARTNERS KIND OF 1386 00:29:43,114 --> 00:29:45,049 IN-IN-IN THE MIX. 1387 00:29:45,049 --> 00:29:46,417 WELL, THERE ARE SOME COUNTRIES 1388 00:29:46,417 --> 00:29:47,485 THAT DON'T HAVE 1389 00:29:47,485 --> 00:29:48,319 COMMERCIAL PARTNERS. 1390 00:29:48,319 --> 00:29:50,088 THEY DON'T HAVE COMMERCIAL 1391 00:29:50,088 --> 00:29:50,989 SPACE CAPABILITIES. 1392 00:29:50,989 --> 00:29:52,557 AND IN FACT, I'VE MET WITH, 1393 00:29:52,557 --> 00:29:54,359 UH, ONE COUNTRY IN PARTICULAR 1394 00:29:54,359 --> 00:29:56,728 WHO, YOU KNOW, TOLD ME 1395 00:29:56,728 --> 00:29:57,929 THAT-THAT THEY'RE NOT 1396 00:29:57,929 --> 00:29:59,464 INTERESTED IN COMMERCIAL, 1397 00:29:59,464 --> 00:30:01,099 AND-AND THAT, YOU KNOW, 1398 00:30:01,099 --> 00:30:02,000 THEY'RE NOT REAL THRILLED 1399 00:30:02,000 --> 00:30:03,268 ABOUT OUR COMMERCIALIZATION 1400 00:30:03,268 --> 00:30:03,935 OF SPACE. 1401 00:30:03,935 --> 00:30:04,702 AND I SAID, "WELL, TELL ME, 1402 00:30:04,702 --> 00:30:05,336 "WHY IS THAT? 1403 00:30:05,336 --> 00:30:06,070 "WE CAN DO MORE NOW 1404 00:30:06,070 --> 00:30:06,838 "THAN WE'VE EVER BEEN ABLE TO 1405 00:30:06,838 --> 00:30:07,505 "DO BEFORE. 1406 00:30:07,505 --> 00:30:08,573 "WHY IS THAT?" 1407 00:30:08,573 --> 00:30:09,474 AND THIS-THIS PARTICULAR 1408 00:30:09,474 --> 00:30:10,375 PERSON SAID, "WELL, WE DON'T 1409 00:30:10,375 --> 00:30:11,376 "HAVE PRIVATE CAPITAL 1410 00:30:11,376 --> 00:30:13,878 "IN OUR COUNTRY," UM, WHICH 1411 00:30:13,878 --> 00:30:15,180 KIND OF WAS EYE-OPENING FOR ME. 1412 00:30:15,180 --> 00:30:15,947 "WE DON'T-- WE DON'T HAVE 1413 00:30:15,947 --> 00:30:17,015 "PRIVATE CAPITAL." 1414 00:30:17,015 --> 00:30:18,983 UM, SO TO THE EXTENT 1415 00:30:18,983 --> 00:30:20,251 WE PARTNER WITH SOME COUNTRIES 1416 00:30:20,251 --> 00:30:21,819 THAT HAVE A DIFFERENT WAY OF 1417 00:30:21,819 --> 00:30:23,721 DOING GOVERNMENT AND BUSINESS, 1418 00:30:23,721 --> 00:30:25,123 UH, YOU KNOW, WE HAVE TO-- 1419 00:30:25,123 --> 00:30:26,191 WE HAVE TO THINK CAREFULLY 1420 00:30:26,191 --> 00:30:28,493 ABOUT, UM, HOW TO-- HOW TO 1421 00:30:28,493 --> 00:30:30,228 INCLUDE THEM IN AN ERA WHEN 1422 00:30:30,228 --> 00:30:31,429 WE WANT COMMERCIALIZATION, 1423 00:30:31,429 --> 00:30:32,864 AND THEY'RE-THEY'RE NOT 1424 00:30:32,864 --> 00:30:33,898 THERE YET. 1425 00:30:33,898 --> 00:30:35,867 UM, AND IN SOME OF THESE CASES-- 1426 00:30:35,867 --> 00:30:36,668 AND I'VE TALKED TO 1427 00:30:36,668 --> 00:30:37,402 SOME COUNTRIES-- THEY'RE 1428 00:30:37,402 --> 00:30:39,204 WORKING REALLY HARD TO DEVELOP 1429 00:30:39,204 --> 00:30:40,538 A COMMERCIAL CAPABILITY THAT 1430 00:30:40,538 --> 00:30:41,706 DOESN'T YET EXIST, WHICH IS 1431 00:30:41,706 --> 00:30:42,807 ALSO-- THAT'S GOOD TO SEE. 1432 00:30:42,807 --> 00:30:43,808 THAT'S-THAT'S AMERICAN 1433 00:30:43,808 --> 00:30:44,609 LEADERSHIP. 1434 00:30:44,609 --> 00:30:47,045 THAT'S NASA LEADERSHIP, UM, 1435 00:30:47,045 --> 00:30:48,012 THAT'S GONNA ENABLE US 1436 00:30:48,012 --> 00:30:49,414 AS HUMANITY TO DO MORE THAN 1437 00:30:49,414 --> 00:30:50,615 WE'VE EVER DONE BEFORE. 1438 00:30:50,615 --> 00:30:51,316 >> THAT'S WONDERFUL. 1439 00:30:51,316 --> 00:30:52,083 I FEEL LIKE THERE'S THIS SENSE 1440 00:30:52,083 --> 00:30:53,318 OF AMERICAN INSPIRATION, 1441 00:30:53,318 --> 00:30:54,586 AS WELL, BECAUSE WE'VE BEEN 1442 00:30:54,586 --> 00:30:56,120 WORKIN' WITH-WITH, UH, 1443 00:30:56,120 --> 00:30:57,455 COMPANIES NOW-- OR-OR 1444 00:30:57,455 --> 00:30:58,957 NATIONS-- FOR THE-- WITH 1445 00:30:58,957 --> 00:31:00,024 THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION 1446 00:31:00,024 --> 00:31:01,292 FOR ALMOST 1447 00:31:01,292 --> 00:31:02,927 TWO DECADES NOW, RIGHT? 1448 00:31:02,927 --> 00:31:05,363 SO-SO IT'S-IT'S THIS CONSTANT 1449 00:31:05,363 --> 00:31:07,165 COOPERATION THAT KIND OF GETS 1450 00:31:07,165 --> 00:31:08,099 THE WHEELS TURNIN' 1451 00:31:08,099 --> 00:31:09,767 AND-AND-AND MAKES THINGS WORK. 1452 00:31:09,767 --> 00:31:11,803 BUT ARE YOU SEEING A CHANGE 1453 00:31:11,803 --> 00:31:12,670 IN THE LANDSCAPE? 1454 00:31:12,670 --> 00:31:13,438 ARE YOU SEEING THAT 1455 00:31:13,438 --> 00:31:14,405 IT'S GROWING, THAT 1456 00:31:14,405 --> 00:31:16,374 MORE COMPANIES, MORE INDUSTRY 1457 00:31:16,374 --> 00:31:19,143 ARE WANTING TO TAKE PART IN, 1458 00:31:19,143 --> 00:31:20,378 UH, SPACE EXPLORATION 1459 00:31:20,378 --> 00:31:22,247 AND EVEN COMMERCIAL SPACE? 1460 00:31:22,247 --> 00:31:23,081 >> MARK, YOU WANNA TAKE THAT? 1461 00:31:23,081 --> 00:31:23,815 >> YEAH, YEAH. 1462 00:31:23,815 --> 00:31:24,582 I THINK YOU CAN SEE IT 1463 00:31:24,582 --> 00:31:25,817 IN JUST THE VARIATION OF 1464 00:31:25,817 --> 00:31:27,485 THE COMPANIES THAT ARE WORKING 1465 00:31:27,485 --> 00:31:28,786 ON PAYLOADS AND OTHER THINGS 1466 00:31:28,786 --> 00:31:29,988 ON SPACE STATION, COMPANIES 1467 00:31:29,988 --> 00:31:31,923 THAT HAVE GROWN UP BASICALLY 1468 00:31:31,923 --> 00:31:33,891 REALLY, UH, PROVIDING 1469 00:31:33,891 --> 00:31:35,126 A CAPABILITY NOBODY THOUGHT OF 1470 00:31:35,126 --> 00:31:36,928 BEFORE, LIKE AN AIRLOCK 1471 00:31:36,928 --> 00:31:39,998 TO THEN USE TO FLY, UH, 1472 00:31:39,998 --> 00:31:40,865 SMALL SATELLITES-- 1473 00:31:40,865 --> 00:31:41,733 CUBESATS--RIGHT? 1474 00:31:41,733 --> 00:31:42,533 SOMETHING THAT WE DIDN'T THINK 1475 00:31:42,533 --> 00:31:43,301 ABOUT A LOT, AND NOW 1476 00:31:43,301 --> 00:31:44,168 THE STATION, I THINK, IS 1477 00:31:44,168 --> 00:31:45,236 THE NUMBER ONE PLATFORM 1478 00:31:45,236 --> 00:31:46,738 FOR LAUNCHING THESE SATELLITES 1479 00:31:46,738 --> 00:31:47,939 INTO SPACE. 1480 00:31:47,939 --> 00:31:49,307 SO THINGS WE HADN'T THOUGHT OF 1481 00:31:49,307 --> 00:31:50,275 BEFORE, COMPANIES ARE 1482 00:31:50,275 --> 00:31:51,042 COMING UP WITH THAT. 1483 00:31:51,042 --> 00:31:52,443 AND SO THE KEY IS, UH, 1484 00:31:52,443 --> 00:31:53,478 AS WE'VE TALKED, JUST PROVIDING 1485 00:31:53,478 --> 00:31:55,013 A FRAMEWORK WHERE YOU CAN GET 1486 00:31:55,013 --> 00:31:56,080 THAT INNOVATION, RIGHT? 1487 00:31:56,080 --> 00:31:57,548 GETTING ENOUGH FRAMEWORK 1488 00:31:57,548 --> 00:31:58,583 THAT WE MAKE SURE, HEY, 1489 00:31:58,583 --> 00:31:59,817 STATION'S GONNA BE OKAY, 1490 00:31:59,817 --> 00:32:01,286 BUT THEN GIVING ENOUGH ROOM 1491 00:32:01,286 --> 00:32:02,387 SO THAT THEY CAN INNOVATE 1492 00:32:02,387 --> 00:32:03,921 AND FIND NICHES THAT WE WOULD 1493 00:32:03,921 --> 00:32:05,323 NEVER HAVE THOUGHT OF BEFORE. 1494 00:32:05,323 --> 00:32:06,391 SO WE'RE SEEING THAT A LOT 1495 00:32:06,391 --> 00:32:07,125 ON SPACE STATION. 1496 00:32:07,125 --> 00:32:07,892 >> ALMOST A DIFFERENT WAY 1497 00:32:07,892 --> 00:32:08,626 OF DOING BUSINESS. 1498 00:32:08,626 --> 00:32:09,260 >> EXACTLY. 1499 00:32:09,260 --> 00:32:09,894 >> YEAH. 1500 00:32:09,894 --> 00:32:10,628 >> BUT THERE'S ALSO-- 1501 00:32:10,628 --> 00:32:11,863 EVEN BEYOND NASA, WHEN YOU THINK 1502 00:32:11,863 --> 00:32:13,598 ABOUT, UM, WHAT'S HAPPENING 1503 00:32:13,598 --> 00:32:14,732 WITH COMMUNICATION 1504 00:32:14,732 --> 00:32:16,467 ARCHITECTURES, WHERE 1505 00:32:16,467 --> 00:32:17,869 IT USED TO BE IN ORDER TO DO 1506 00:32:17,869 --> 00:32:19,304 OVER THE HORIZON COMMUNICATION, 1507 00:32:19,304 --> 00:32:20,071 YOU HAD TO LAUNCH 1508 00:32:20,071 --> 00:32:21,806 TO GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT. 1509 00:32:21,806 --> 00:32:23,141 AND THE-THE SATELLITES WERE 1510 00:32:23,141 --> 00:32:25,209 $500 MILLION, AND THEY WERE, 1511 00:32:25,209 --> 00:32:26,177 YOU KNOW, THE SIZE 1512 00:32:26,177 --> 00:32:27,912 OF-OF THIS TABLE HERE. 1513 00:32:27,912 --> 00:32:29,180 AND NOW WE'RE SEEING 1514 00:32:29,180 --> 00:32:30,682 CONSTELLATIONS OF THOUSANDS OF 1515 00:32:30,682 --> 00:32:31,849 SATELLITES BEING LAUNCHED 1516 00:32:31,849 --> 00:32:34,152 INTO LOW EARTH ORBIT, UM, 1517 00:32:34,152 --> 00:32:35,086 THAT ARE THE SIZE OF 1518 00:32:35,086 --> 00:32:36,487 A-A DISHWASHER. 1519 00:32:36,487 --> 00:32:38,656 UH, AND THAT'S GONNA ENABLE 1520 00:32:38,656 --> 00:32:40,758 LOW LATENCY, HIGH THROUGHPUT 1521 00:32:40,758 --> 00:32:41,826 COMMUNICATIONS. 1522 00:32:41,826 --> 00:32:43,828 IN OTHER WORDS, UM, IT WILL 1523 00:32:43,828 --> 00:32:45,596 MEET THE SAME STANDARD AS 1524 00:32:45,596 --> 00:32:47,332 CELL TOWER COMMUNICATIONS. 1525 00:32:47,332 --> 00:32:48,533 YOUR-YOUR CELL PHONE WILL 1526 00:32:48,533 --> 00:32:49,400 BE ABLE TO WORK 1527 00:32:49,400 --> 00:32:50,501 WHEREVER YOU ARE IN THE WORLD. 1528 00:32:50,501 --> 00:32:52,403 YOU COULD BE IN-IN RURAL ALASKA 1529 00:32:52,403 --> 00:32:53,504 OR YOU COULD BE IN THE MIDDLE 1530 00:32:53,504 --> 00:32:54,872 OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN, 1531 00:32:54,872 --> 00:32:56,541 AND YOUR CELL PHONE WILL WORK, 1532 00:32:56,541 --> 00:32:58,576 UH, FROM ANY OF THOSE LOCATIONS, 1533 00:32:58,576 --> 00:32:59,811 WHICH WILL CONNECT-- YOU KNOW, 1534 00:32:59,811 --> 00:33:01,112 THERE'S STILL TWO-THIRDS OF 1535 00:33:01,112 --> 00:33:03,047 THE WORLD THAT'S NOT CONNECTED. 1536 00:33:03,047 --> 00:33:04,949 UM, WELL, AT THAT POINT, 1537 00:33:04,949 --> 00:33:06,017 ANYBODY WHO HAS A CELL PHONE 1538 00:33:06,017 --> 00:33:07,085 IS NOW CONNECTED TO 1539 00:33:07,085 --> 00:33:08,419 THE REST OF THE WORLD. 1540 00:33:08,419 --> 00:33:09,487 SO THOSE CAPABILITIES ARE 1541 00:33:09,487 --> 00:33:10,988 BEING LAUNCHED, AND THERE'S 1542 00:33:10,988 --> 00:33:12,623 HALF A DOZEN DIFFERENT COMPANIES 1543 00:33:12,623 --> 00:33:14,525 THAT ARE LAUNCHING THOSE TYPES 1544 00:33:14,525 --> 00:33:16,594 OF CONSTELLATIONS INTO SPACE. 1545 00:33:16,594 --> 00:33:17,829 UH, AND EACH ONE OF THOSE 1546 00:33:17,829 --> 00:33:19,163 COMPANIES WILL BE ABLE TO 1547 00:33:19,163 --> 00:33:20,832 BENEFIT NASA, UM, 1548 00:33:20,832 --> 00:33:21,833 WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT 1549 00:33:21,833 --> 00:33:22,767 THE-THE COMMUNICATION 1550 00:33:22,767 --> 00:33:24,569 ARCHITECTURE THAT WE NEED 1551 00:33:24,569 --> 00:33:25,503 IN SPACE. 1552 00:33:25,503 --> 00:33:27,572 AND ULTIMATELY, THE TYPE OF 1553 00:33:27,572 --> 00:33:29,207 COMMUNICATION ARCHITECTURE 1554 00:33:29,207 --> 00:33:30,241 THAT WE'RE GONNA NEED 1555 00:33:30,241 --> 00:33:32,643 AROUND THE MOON, AND MAYBE 1556 00:33:32,643 --> 00:33:33,911 EVEN AT MARS. 1557 00:33:33,911 --> 00:33:36,047 SO THERE'S A LOT OF, UM, 1558 00:33:36,047 --> 00:33:37,415 A LOT OF COMMERCIAL CAPABILITY 1559 00:33:37,415 --> 00:33:38,383 BEING DEVELOPED RIGHT NOW 1560 00:33:38,383 --> 00:33:39,150 THAT'S GONNA BE 1561 00:33:39,150 --> 00:33:41,085 TREMENDOUSLY VALUABLE, UM, 1562 00:33:41,085 --> 00:33:43,488 FOR-FOR NASA. 1563 00:33:43,488 --> 00:33:44,489 >> RIGHT-- CAPABILITY, 1564 00:33:44,489 --> 00:33:46,290 OPPORTUNITY, EVERYTHING, REALLY. 1565 00:33:46,290 --> 00:33:47,992 UH, I KNOW-- SOMETHING ELSE 1566 00:33:47,992 --> 00:33:50,328 NEW IS WE'RE IN THIS TIME NOW 1567 00:33:50,328 --> 00:33:51,696 WHERE-WHERE THE ADMINISTRATION 1568 00:33:51,696 --> 00:33:53,431 IS SUGGESTING, UM, 1569 00:33:53,431 --> 00:33:54,665 A SPACE FORCE, RIGHT? 1570 00:33:54,665 --> 00:33:55,266 >> YEAH. 1571 00:33:55,266 --> 00:33:56,200 >> I ACTUALLY HAD MY MOM TEXT ME 1572 00:33:56,200 --> 00:33:57,135 AND SAY, "HOW DOES THIS 1573 00:33:57,135 --> 00:33:57,769 "AFFECT YOU? 1574 00:33:57,769 --> 00:33:58,503 "DOES THAT MEAN NASA'S 1575 00:33:58,503 --> 00:33:59,103 "GOING AWAY?" 1576 00:33:59,103 --> 00:33:59,871 I FEEL LIKE THERE'S-THERE'S 1577 00:33:59,871 --> 00:34:01,205 SORT OF A DISCONNECT GOING ON 1578 00:34:01,205 --> 00:34:02,640 HERE, SO HOW-HOW-HOW DO YOU 1579 00:34:02,640 --> 00:34:04,308 DESCRIBE TO THOSE WHO ARE 1580 00:34:04,308 --> 00:34:05,977 CONFUSED, UH, SPACE FORCE 1581 00:34:05,977 --> 00:34:07,245 AND NASA? 1582 00:34:07,245 --> 00:34:08,012 >> GREAT QUESTION. 1583 00:34:08,012 --> 00:34:09,380 NASA DOES EXPLORATION 1584 00:34:09,380 --> 00:34:11,382 AND DISCOVERY AND SCIENCE. 1585 00:34:11,382 --> 00:34:12,784 WE DO NOT DO NATIONAL SECURITY 1586 00:34:12,784 --> 00:34:13,885 AND DEFENSE. 1587 00:34:13,885 --> 00:34:15,686 UH, OF COURSE, WE-WE DO HAVE 1588 00:34:15,686 --> 00:34:17,188 AN ABILITY TO DO INTERNATIONAL 1589 00:34:17,188 --> 00:34:19,290 RELATIONS AND SOFT POWER 1590 00:34:19,290 --> 00:34:20,324 LEADERSHIP, THOSE KIND OF 1591 00:34:20,324 --> 00:34:21,826 THINGS, BUT-BUT WE DON'T 1592 00:34:21,826 --> 00:34:22,994 GET INVOLVED IN THE HARD POWER 1593 00:34:22,994 --> 00:34:24,562 ACTIVITIES OF THE COUNTRY, 1594 00:34:24,562 --> 00:34:25,963 INTENTIONALLY. 1595 00:34:25,963 --> 00:34:27,565 YOU GO BACK TO 1958, 1596 00:34:27,565 --> 00:34:29,033 THE CREATION OF NASA. 1597 00:34:29,033 --> 00:34:31,135 EISENHOWER WAS ABSOLUTELY 1598 00:34:31,135 --> 00:34:32,870 ADAMANT THAT NASA NOT BE 1599 00:34:32,870 --> 00:34:34,372 PART OF THE NATIONAL 1600 00:34:34,372 --> 00:34:35,473 SECURITY APPARATUS. 1601 00:34:35,473 --> 00:34:36,240 >> MM-HMM. 1602 00:34:36,240 --> 00:34:37,208 >> SO THAT'S-THAT'S A GOOD THING 1603 00:34:37,208 --> 00:34:38,943 FOR OUR AGENCY. 1604 00:34:38,943 --> 00:34:41,179 UM, AT THE SAME TIME, UH, 1605 00:34:41,179 --> 00:34:42,980 THE SPACE FORCE-- WHEN YOU THINK 1606 00:34:42,980 --> 00:34:44,916 ABOUT WHAT IT IS, UM, 1607 00:34:44,916 --> 00:34:46,517 IT'S-IT'S REALLY, UH-- 1608 00:34:46,517 --> 00:34:47,919 YOU LOOK AT AIR FORCE 1609 00:34:47,919 --> 00:34:49,353 SPACE COMMAND. 1610 00:34:49,353 --> 00:34:50,421 THEY'RE RESPONSIBLE FOR 1611 00:34:50,421 --> 00:34:52,356 ORGANIZING AND TRAINING 1612 00:34:52,356 --> 00:34:54,091 A CADRE OF PROFESSIONALS 1613 00:34:54,091 --> 00:34:55,860 THAT CAN DO SPACE SECURITY 1614 00:34:55,860 --> 00:34:57,328 ACTIVITIES, AND THEN 1615 00:34:57,328 --> 00:34:58,563 THE SPACE AND MISSILE SYSTEMS 1616 00:34:58,563 --> 00:34:59,664 CENTER, WHICH IS ANOTHER 1617 00:34:59,664 --> 00:35:01,432 AIR FORCE COMMAND, UM, 1618 00:35:01,432 --> 00:35:02,333 IS RESPONSIBLE FOR 1619 00:35:02,333 --> 00:35:03,701 ACQUIRING ASSETS FOR 1620 00:35:03,701 --> 00:35:06,671 SPACE DEFENSE, SPACE SECURITY. 1621 00:35:06,671 --> 00:35:08,339 SO YOU TAKE THOSE-THOSE 1622 00:35:08,339 --> 00:35:09,440 COMPONENTS, AIR FORCE 1623 00:35:09,440 --> 00:35:10,308 SPACE COMMAND AND 1624 00:35:10,308 --> 00:35:11,209 THE SPACE AND MISSILE SYSTEMS 1625 00:35:11,209 --> 00:35:12,877 CENTER, AND YOU TAKE THEM 1626 00:35:12,877 --> 00:35:14,345 OUT OF THE AIR FORCE 1627 00:35:14,345 --> 00:35:15,947 AND YOU-YOU PUT THEM UNDER 1628 00:35:15,947 --> 00:35:18,349 A NEW SECRETARY, A SECRETARY 1629 00:35:18,349 --> 00:35:19,951 OF THE SPACE FORCE, 1630 00:35:19,951 --> 00:35:21,118 AND YOU HAVE A REPRE-- 1631 00:35:21,118 --> 00:35:22,053 HAVE THEM REPRESENTED 1632 00:35:22,053 --> 00:35:24,155 ON THE JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF, 1633 00:35:24,155 --> 00:35:26,090 AND THAT, IN ESSENCE, BECOMES 1634 00:35:26,090 --> 00:35:27,992 YOUR ORGANIZE, TRAIN AND EQUIP 1635 00:35:27,992 --> 00:35:29,360 FUNCTION, WHICH IS 1636 00:35:29,360 --> 00:35:31,195 ALL THAT A MILITARY SERVICE IS. 1637 00:35:31,195 --> 00:35:32,063 A MILITARY SERVICES IS 1638 00:35:32,063 --> 00:35:33,297 RESPONSIBLE FOR ORGANIZING, 1639 00:35:33,297 --> 00:35:34,632 TRAINING AND EQUIPPING 1640 00:35:34,632 --> 00:35:36,367 A CADRE OF PROFESSIONALS 1641 00:35:36,367 --> 00:35:38,302 TO FIGHT IN A CERTAIN DOMAIN. 1642 00:35:38,302 --> 00:35:40,104 SO ALL OF THAT COULD BE-- 1643 00:35:40,104 --> 00:35:41,572 IN FACT, YOU KNOW, THE-THE PLAN 1644 00:35:41,572 --> 00:35:43,074 IS THAT THAT'S-- YOU KNOW, 1645 00:35:43,074 --> 00:35:44,041 IT WOULD-- IT WOULD-- IT WOULD 1646 00:35:44,041 --> 00:35:44,909 COME, REALLY, OUT OF 1647 00:35:44,909 --> 00:35:46,043 THE AIR FORCE. 1648 00:35:46,043 --> 00:35:47,044 NOW, THE BENEFIT OF CREATING 1649 00:35:47,044 --> 00:35:48,079 A SEPARATE FORCE IS THEN 1650 00:35:48,079 --> 00:35:50,581 IT HAS A LINE ITEM THAT IS 1651 00:35:50,581 --> 00:35:53,084 EQUAL TO THAT OF THE AIR FORCE, 1652 00:35:53,084 --> 00:35:54,085 AND THE NAVY, AND THE ARMY, 1653 00:35:54,085 --> 00:35:56,120 AND THE MARINE CORPS, UM, 1654 00:35:56,120 --> 00:35:57,321 AND IT DOESN'T HAVE TO COMPETE 1655 00:35:57,321 --> 00:35:58,556 AGAINST THE AIR DOMAIN 1656 00:35:58,556 --> 00:36:00,157 FOR RESOURCES. 1657 00:36:00,157 --> 00:36:00,992 DON'T GET ME WRONG-- IT WILL 1658 00:36:00,992 --> 00:36:02,260 HAVE TO STILL COMPETE BECAUSE 1659 00:36:02,260 --> 00:36:03,261 AT THE END OF THE DAY, 1660 00:36:03,261 --> 00:36:04,562 THE-THE-THE BUDGET IS ONLY 1661 00:36:04,562 --> 00:36:05,730 SO BIG. 1662 00:36:05,730 --> 00:36:07,098 BUT IT WILL HAVE ITS-- IT WILL 1663 00:36:07,098 --> 00:36:08,299 HAVE THE ABILITY TO COMPETE 1664 00:36:08,299 --> 00:36:10,501 ON THE SAME LEVEL AS-AS 1665 00:36:10,501 --> 00:36:11,936 THE-THE AIR FORCE, THE NAVY, 1666 00:36:11,936 --> 00:36:13,004 AND THE ARMY. 1667 00:36:13,004 --> 00:36:14,672 SO ALL OF THAT, I THINK, UM, 1668 00:36:14,672 --> 00:36:15,473 IS-IS REALLY WHAT 1669 00:36:15,473 --> 00:36:16,841 THE SPACE FORCE IS ALL ABOUT. 1670 00:36:16,841 --> 00:36:18,342 UM, IF YOU LISTEN TO WHAT 1671 00:36:18,342 --> 00:36:19,610 THE VICE PRESIDENT ANNOUNCED 1672 00:36:19,610 --> 00:36:20,945 A NUMBER OF WEEKS AGO, 1673 00:36:20,945 --> 00:36:22,547 HE ALSO SAID THAT THEY WANNA 1674 00:36:22,547 --> 00:36:24,482 CREATE A NEW COMBATANT COMMAND. 1675 00:36:24,482 --> 00:36:25,550 SO THE MILITARY SERVICE 1676 00:36:25,550 --> 00:36:27,485 ORGANIZES, TRAINS AND EQUIPS 1677 00:36:27,485 --> 00:36:30,488 THE CADRE OF-OF PROFESSIONALS. 1678 00:36:30,488 --> 00:36:32,023 BUT ULTIMATELY, WAR FIGHTING IS 1679 00:36:32,023 --> 00:36:32,990 DONE BY WHAT'S CALLED 1680 00:36:32,990 --> 00:36:34,559 A-A COMBATANT COMMAND. 1681 00:36:34,559 --> 00:36:35,359 IN THIS CASE, IT WOULD BE 1682 00:36:35,359 --> 00:36:37,428 A FUNCTIONAL COMBATANT COMMAND. 1683 00:36:37,428 --> 00:36:39,063 PEOPLE ARE REALLY FAMILIAR WITH 1684 00:36:39,063 --> 00:36:40,598 WHAT A-A GEOGRAPHIC COMBATANT 1685 00:36:40,598 --> 00:36:41,432 COMMAND IS. 1686 00:36:41,432 --> 00:36:42,466 GEOGRAPHIC MEANING, LIKE, 1687 00:36:42,466 --> 00:36:43,467 WHERE IN THE WORLD IS IT. 1688 00:36:43,467 --> 00:36:45,002 SO CENTCOM IS-IS IN 1689 00:36:45,002 --> 00:36:45,903 THE MIDDLE EAST. 1690 00:36:45,903 --> 00:36:46,671 PEOPLE ARE FAMILIAR WITH 1691 00:36:46,671 --> 00:36:48,272 CENTCOM, OR EUROPEAN COMMAND, 1692 00:36:48,272 --> 00:36:49,607 AFRICAN COMMAND. 1693 00:36:49,607 --> 00:36:50,942 UH, THERE'S, UH, 1694 00:36:50,942 --> 00:36:52,276 THE PACIFIC COMMAND. 1695 00:36:52,276 --> 00:36:53,644 ALL OF THESE DIFFERENT, UH, 1696 00:36:53,644 --> 00:36:55,246 GEOGRAPHIC COMBATANT COMMANDS. 1697 00:36:55,246 --> 00:36:56,047 IN THIS CASE, IT WOULD BE 1698 00:36:56,047 --> 00:36:57,715 A FUNCTIONAL COMBATANT COMMAND 1699 00:36:57,715 --> 00:36:59,617 RESPONSIBLE FOR FIGHTING 1700 00:36:59,617 --> 00:37:00,851 AND WINNING WARS IN SPACE. 1701 00:37:00,851 --> 00:37:02,787 THE IDEA BEING, YOU KNOW, 1702 00:37:02,787 --> 00:37:04,889 NASA AND OUR COMMERCIAL PARTNERS 1703 00:37:04,889 --> 00:37:06,591 AND OTHER COMMERCIAL ENTITIES-- 1704 00:37:06,591 --> 00:37:07,858 YOU KNOW, WE HAVE HUNDREDS OF 1705 00:37:07,858 --> 00:37:09,827 BILLIONS OF DOLLARS IN SPACE, 1706 00:37:09,827 --> 00:37:10,761 HUNDREDS OF BILLIONS. 1707 00:37:10,761 --> 00:37:11,729 PLUS, WE HAVE OUR ASTRONAUTS 1708 00:37:11,729 --> 00:37:12,563 IN SPACE. 1709 00:37:12,563 --> 00:37:13,798 AND SO THEY GENERALLY-- 1710 00:37:13,798 --> 00:37:15,433 WE NEED SECURITY. 1711 00:37:15,433 --> 00:37:16,434 AND WHAT WE HAVE TO DO IS 1712 00:37:16,434 --> 00:37:17,635 WE HAVE TO MAKE SURE THAT 1713 00:37:17,635 --> 00:37:19,136 ANY POTENTIAL ADVERSARY THAT 1714 00:37:19,136 --> 00:37:21,305 WE MAY HAVE, ANY POTENTIAL 1715 00:37:21,305 --> 00:37:23,874 ADVERSARY LOOKS AT, UM, 1716 00:37:23,874 --> 00:37:26,077 THE SPACE DOMAIN AND THEY SEE 1717 00:37:26,077 --> 00:37:27,278 THAT THEY AREN'T GONNA GET 1718 00:37:27,278 --> 00:37:28,512 ANY KIND OF ADVANTAGE 1719 00:37:28,512 --> 00:37:29,647 BY DESTROYING IT. 1720 00:37:29,647 --> 00:37:30,715 THEY CANNOT WIN. 1721 00:37:30,715 --> 00:37:32,183 THERE IS NO ADVANTAGE. 1722 00:37:32,183 --> 00:37:33,517 AND IN FACT, IF THEY TRIED, 1723 00:37:33,517 --> 00:37:34,752 IT WOULDN'T WORK. 1724 00:37:34,752 --> 00:37:35,620 THAT'S THE GOAL. 1725 00:37:35,620 --> 00:37:37,054 AND IF-IF WE CAN DETER THEM 1726 00:37:37,054 --> 00:37:38,889 FROM TAKING THE WAR INTO SPACE, 1727 00:37:38,889 --> 00:37:40,324 THEN THE REST OF US, 1728 00:37:40,324 --> 00:37:41,792 ALL OF HUMANITY, CAN USE SPACE 1729 00:37:41,792 --> 00:37:43,361 FOR OUR PEACEFUL PURPOSES, 1730 00:37:43,361 --> 00:37:44,929 WHICH IS WHAT, ULTIMATELY, 1731 00:37:44,929 --> 00:37:45,896 WE'VE BEEN DOING NOW 1732 00:37:45,896 --> 00:37:48,833 SINCE NASA'S CREATION IN 1958. 1733 00:37:48,833 --> 00:37:51,302 SO, UH, AS A MEMBER OF CONGRESS, 1734 00:37:51,302 --> 00:37:52,303 WHEN I WAS IN CONGRESS, 1735 00:37:52,303 --> 00:37:54,305 I VOTED FOR THE SPACE FORCE 1736 00:37:54,305 --> 00:37:55,406 THREE TIMES, AND IT PASSED 1737 00:37:55,406 --> 00:37:56,273 THE FULL HOUSE OF 1738 00:37:56,273 --> 00:37:57,308 REPRESENTATIVES. 1739 00:37:57,308 --> 00:37:58,676 AND IT PASSED IN A STRONG, 1740 00:37:58,676 --> 00:37:59,644 BIPARTISAN WAY-- 1741 00:37:59,644 --> 00:38:02,013 IT GOT 344 VOTES. 1742 00:38:02,013 --> 00:38:03,648 UM, AND-AND OF COURSE IT WENT 1743 00:38:03,648 --> 00:38:04,782 TO THE SENATE, AND IT DIDN'T 1744 00:38:04,782 --> 00:38:06,150 PASS THE SENATE. 1745 00:38:06,150 --> 00:38:08,619 UM, BUT THERE WAS STRONG 1746 00:38:08,619 --> 00:38:10,054 BIPARTISAN SUPPORT IN THE HOUSE. 1747 00:38:10,054 --> 00:38:11,188 THE PRESIDENT HAS SEEN 1748 00:38:11,188 --> 00:38:12,156 THE SAME INTELLIGENCE THAT 1749 00:38:12,156 --> 00:38:13,591 WE'VE SEEN IN THE CONGRESS, 1750 00:38:13,591 --> 00:38:14,959 AND HE TOOK IT UP A NOTCH 1751 00:38:14,959 --> 00:38:16,761 AND SAID, UH, WE-WE GOTTA 1752 00:38:16,761 --> 00:38:17,795 GET THIS DONE. 1753 00:38:17,795 --> 00:38:19,497 AND I-I THINK HE'S RIGHT. 1754 00:38:19,497 --> 00:38:20,364 >> AWESOME. 1755 00:38:20,364 --> 00:38:22,099 AND IN THE MEANTIME, NASA IS-IS 1756 00:38:22,099 --> 00:38:23,401 LEADING THIS COOPERATIVE 1757 00:38:23,401 --> 00:38:24,602 EXPLORATION GOAL, RIGHT? 1758 00:38:24,602 --> 00:38:25,436 >> THAT'S EXACTLY RIGHT. 1759 00:38:25,436 --> 00:38:26,303 >> AND SO IT'S PART OF OUR-- 1760 00:38:26,303 --> 00:38:27,438 IT'S PART OF OUR VISION, IS-IS 1761 00:38:27,438 --> 00:38:28,172 REACH NEW HEIGHTS 1762 00:38:28,172 --> 00:38:29,607 AND REVEAL THE UNKNOWN. 1763 00:38:29,607 --> 00:38:30,708 SO AS WE'RE WRAPPING UP, 1764 00:38:30,708 --> 00:38:31,509 AND TO BE CONSCIOUS OF 1765 00:38:31,509 --> 00:38:34,145 YOUR TIME, THIS-THIS MEANING, 1766 00:38:34,145 --> 00:38:36,080 THIS, UH, REVEAL THE UNKNOWN, 1767 00:38:36,080 --> 00:38:37,281 UH, REACH NEW HEIGHTS-- 1768 00:38:37,281 --> 00:38:38,616 WHAT DOES THIS MEAN TO YOU? 1769 00:38:38,616 --> 00:38:39,850 AND WE'LL CLOSE WITH THAT. 1770 00:38:39,850 --> 00:38:41,686 >> SO, IT-IT REALLY-- YOU KNOW, 1771 00:38:41,686 --> 00:38:43,454 WE ARE LEARNING NEW THINGS 1772 00:38:43,454 --> 00:38:44,188 EVERY DAY. 1773 00:38:44,188 --> 00:38:45,156 JUST SINCE I'VE BEEN THE NASA 1774 00:38:45,156 --> 00:38:46,190 ADMINISTRATOR, A LITTLE OVER 1775 00:38:46,190 --> 00:38:47,491 THREE MONTHS, WE-WE HAVE 1776 00:38:47,491 --> 00:38:49,226 DISCOVERED IN THESE LITTLE OVER 1777 00:38:49,226 --> 00:38:51,562 THREE MONTHS THAT MARS HAS 1778 00:38:51,562 --> 00:38:53,230 A METHANE CYCLE THAT IS 1779 00:38:53,230 --> 00:38:54,965 PERFECTLY IN TUNE OR KEEPS 1780 00:38:54,965 --> 00:38:56,701 PERFECTLY WITH THE SEASONS 1781 00:38:56,701 --> 00:38:59,036 OF MARS, WHICH DOESN'T 1782 00:38:59,036 --> 00:39:00,237 GUARANTEE THAT THERE'S LIFE, 1783 00:39:00,237 --> 00:39:01,539 BUT IT INCREASES THE PROBABILITY 1784 00:39:01,539 --> 00:39:02,707 THAT THERE'S LIFE. 1785 00:39:02,707 --> 00:39:03,674 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS HAVE BEEN 1786 00:39:03,674 --> 00:39:05,643 FOUND ON MARS, WHICH, AGAIN, 1787 00:39:05,643 --> 00:39:06,644 DOESN'T GUARANTEE LIFE, 1788 00:39:06,644 --> 00:39:07,945 BUT IT INCREASES THE PROBABILITY 1789 00:39:07,945 --> 00:39:09,447 OF LIFE ON MARS. 1790 00:39:09,447 --> 00:39:11,148 WE-WE'VE ALSO DISCOVERED NOW, 1791 00:39:11,148 --> 00:39:13,551 JUST MAYBE A COUPLE WEEKS AGO, 1792 00:39:13,551 --> 00:39:16,053 THERE'S LIQUID WATER 1793 00:39:16,053 --> 00:39:17,922 1.5 KILOMETERS UNDER THE SURFACE 1794 00:39:17,922 --> 00:39:19,356 OF MARS. 1795 00:39:19,356 --> 00:39:20,458 NOW, THAT DOESN'T, AGAIN, 1796 00:39:20,458 --> 00:39:22,026 GUARANTEE LIFE, BUT LIQUID WATER 1797 00:39:22,026 --> 00:39:23,761 IS A GOOD-- YOU-YOU NEED 1798 00:39:23,761 --> 00:39:25,162 LIQUID WATER FOR LIFE. 1799 00:39:25,162 --> 00:39:25,896 AND THE FACT THAT 1800 00:39:25,896 --> 00:39:27,198 IT'S 1.5 KILOMETERS UNDERGROUND 1801 00:39:27,198 --> 00:39:28,365 MEANS THAT IT'S GONNA BE 1802 00:39:28,365 --> 00:39:29,633 PROTECTED FROM THE RADIATION 1803 00:39:29,633 --> 00:39:31,669 ENVIRONMENT OF-OF DEEP SPACE. 1804 00:39:31,669 --> 00:39:32,436 >> MM-HMM. 1805 00:39:32,436 --> 00:39:33,437 >> WHICH-- ALL OF THIS, 1806 00:39:33,437 --> 00:39:34,805 YOU KNOW, ADDS UP TO SAY, 1807 00:39:34,805 --> 00:39:35,806 IS THERE LIFE ON MARS? 1808 00:39:35,806 --> 00:39:36,574 WE DON'T KNOW. 1809 00:39:36,574 --> 00:39:38,375 BUT WE NEED TO FIND OUT. 1810 00:39:38,375 --> 00:39:40,344 AND, UM, TO THE EXTENT THAT 1811 00:39:40,344 --> 00:39:41,645 SOMEBODY FINDS LIFE 1812 00:39:41,645 --> 00:39:42,847 ON A WORLD THAT'S NOT OUR OWN, 1813 00:39:42,847 --> 00:39:43,614 IT NEEDS TO BE 1814 00:39:43,614 --> 00:39:45,182 THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 1815 00:39:45,182 --> 00:39:46,250 SO THAT'S WHAT WE'RE DOING. 1816 00:39:46,250 --> 00:39:47,551 WE'RE MAKING DISCOVERIES. 1817 00:39:47,551 --> 00:39:48,719 YOU KNOW, WE'RE GONNA LAUNCH, 1818 00:39:48,719 --> 00:39:50,588 UH, IN THE NEXT THREE YEARS, 1819 00:39:50,588 --> 00:39:52,423 THE JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE. 1820 00:39:52,423 --> 00:39:53,290 AND WE'RE GONNA SEE 1821 00:39:53,290 --> 00:39:57,061 BACK TO THE VERY DAWN OF TIME, 1822 00:39:57,061 --> 00:39:58,963 COSMIC DAWN, THE FIRST LIGHT 1823 00:39:58,963 --> 00:40:00,264 IN THE UNIVERSE. 1824 00:40:00,264 --> 00:40:02,500 WE HAVE IDEAS AND MODELS 1825 00:40:02,500 --> 00:40:04,068 AS TO WHAT THE UNIVERSE 1826 00:40:04,068 --> 00:40:05,469 LOOKED LIKE WHEN IT WAS 1827 00:40:05,469 --> 00:40:08,105 FIRST CREATED, BUT WE KNOW THAT 1828 00:40:08,105 --> 00:40:10,107 THOSE MODELS ARE ALL WRONG. 1829 00:40:10,107 --> 00:40:11,909 UM, WE NEED TO F-- AND SO 1830 00:40:11,909 --> 00:40:13,144 WE'RE GONNA SEE IT WITH-WITH 1831 00:40:13,144 --> 00:40:15,012 OUR OWN INSTRUMENTS. 1832 00:40:15,012 --> 00:40:16,247 UM, SO THE JAMES WEBB 1833 00:40:16,247 --> 00:40:17,414 SPACE TELESCOPE IS NOT JUST 1834 00:40:17,414 --> 00:40:18,949 GONNA LOOK ALL THE WAY BACK 1835 00:40:18,949 --> 00:40:20,184 TO THE VERY FIRST LIGHT 1836 00:40:20,184 --> 00:40:21,352 IN THE UNIVERSE-- IT'S ALSO 1837 00:40:21,352 --> 00:40:22,887 GONNA SEE BACK ALL THE WAY 1838 00:40:22,887 --> 00:40:24,588 OUT TO THE EDGE OF THE UNIVERSE, 1839 00:40:24,588 --> 00:40:25,623 WHERE WE HAVE GALAXIES 1840 00:40:25,623 --> 00:40:27,625 THAT ARE ACCELERATING, YOU KNOW, 1841 00:40:27,625 --> 00:40:28,926 YOU KNOW-- AS THE UNIVERSE 1842 00:40:28,926 --> 00:40:30,361 EXPANDS, IT'S EXPANDING 1843 00:40:30,361 --> 00:40:32,096 AT AN EVER-INCREASING RATE. 1844 00:40:32,096 --> 00:40:33,531 THE UNIVERSE IS ACCELERATING 1845 00:40:33,531 --> 00:40:35,633 AWAY FROM A POINT IN THE CENTER, 1846 00:40:35,633 --> 00:40:38,135 AND, UM, THAT EXPANSION 1847 00:40:38,135 --> 00:40:39,670 ULTIMATELY IS DEMONSTRATING 1848 00:40:39,670 --> 00:40:41,605 THAT THERE'S A FORCE AT WORK 1849 00:40:41,605 --> 00:40:43,274 HERE THAT WE DON'T UNDERSTAND. 1850 00:40:43,274 --> 00:40:44,275 WE TALK ABOUT THINGS LIKE 1851 00:40:44,275 --> 00:40:46,343 DARK ENERGY AND DARK MATTER-- 1852 00:40:46,343 --> 00:40:47,511 THINGS THAT WE CAN'T DETECT, 1853 00:40:47,511 --> 00:40:49,113 WE CAN'T INTERACT WITH, 1854 00:40:49,113 --> 00:40:50,748 BUT WHAT WE DO KNOW, UM, 1855 00:40:50,748 --> 00:40:51,882 IS THAT, YOU KNOW, WE SEE 1856 00:40:51,882 --> 00:40:53,818 ITS GRAVITATIONAL EFFECTS. 1857 00:40:53,818 --> 00:40:56,020 UM, AND-AND WE SEE 1858 00:40:56,020 --> 00:40:57,721 THESE GALAXIES ACCELERATING 1859 00:40:57,721 --> 00:40:59,323 AT THE EDGE OF OUR UNIVERSE 1860 00:40:59,323 --> 00:41:00,491 TO THE SPEED OF LIGHT. 1861 00:41:00,491 --> 00:41:01,792 SO THEY JUST DISAPPEAR. 1862 00:41:01,792 --> 00:41:03,427 WELL, WE'RE GONNA BE ABLE TO 1863 00:41:03,427 --> 00:41:04,361 LOOK AT ALL THOSE. 1864 00:41:04,361 --> 00:41:05,129 WE'RE GONNA BE ABLE TO SEE 1865 00:41:05,129 --> 00:41:06,997 INSIDE OF OTHER GALAXIES. 1866 00:41:06,997 --> 00:41:08,766 UM, WE'RE GONNA BE ABLE TO SEE 1867 00:41:08,766 --> 00:41:09,900 WITHIN OUR OWN GALAXY-- 1868 00:41:09,900 --> 00:41:11,135 WE'RE GONNA BE ABLE TO SEE 1869 00:41:11,135 --> 00:41:13,671 PLANETS AROUND OTHER STARS, 1870 00:41:13,671 --> 00:41:15,406 AND ULTIMATELY MAKE 1871 00:41:15,406 --> 00:41:16,907 DETERMINATIONS WHETHER OR NOT 1872 00:41:16,907 --> 00:41:20,377 THOSE PLANETS HAVE A HABITABLE 1873 00:41:20,377 --> 00:41:21,779 KIND OF ATMOSPHERE. 1874 00:41:21,779 --> 00:41:22,947 WE'RE GONNA BE ABLE TO DETERMINE 1875 00:41:22,947 --> 00:41:24,882 WHAT TYPE-- IF-IF THESE PLANETS 1876 00:41:24,882 --> 00:41:25,916 HAVE ATMOSPHERES, 1877 00:41:25,916 --> 00:41:27,184 WHAT THOSE ATMOSPHERES ARE 1878 00:41:27,184 --> 00:41:28,385 COMPOSED OF, AND IF THERE COULD 1879 00:41:28,385 --> 00:41:29,653 BE LIFE THERE. 1880 00:41:29,653 --> 00:41:32,156 UM, SO, LOOK-- NASA'S DOING 1881 00:41:32,156 --> 00:41:33,490 REALLY AMAZING THINGS. 1882 00:41:33,490 --> 00:41:35,159 AND, UM, EVERY DAY WE'RE MAKING 1883 00:41:35,159 --> 00:41:36,493 NEW DISCOVERIES. 1884 00:41:36,493 --> 00:41:38,062 AND THE-THE MORE CAPABILITY 1885 00:41:38,062 --> 00:41:39,096 THAT WE'RE PUTTING INTO SPACE 1886 00:41:39,096 --> 00:41:41,065 EVEN RIGHT NOW, THE-- 1887 00:41:41,065 --> 00:41:41,932 WE'RE GONNA HAVE SO MANY 1888 00:41:41,932 --> 00:41:42,833 NEW DISCOVERIES, WE'RE NOT 1889 00:41:42,833 --> 00:41:44,501 GONNA BE ABLE TO COMMUNICATE 1890 00:41:44,501 --> 00:41:46,337 ALL OF 'EM FAST ENOUGH, UH, 1891 00:41:46,337 --> 00:41:47,271 WHICH IS A REALLY GOOD 1892 00:41:47,271 --> 00:41:48,272 PROBLEM TO HAVE. 1893 00:41:48,272 --> 00:41:48,939 >> YEAH. 1894 00:41:48,939 --> 00:41:50,174 >> SO WE'RE LEARNING MORE ABOUT, 1895 00:41:50,174 --> 00:41:52,409 UM, MORE ABOUT OUR UNIVERSE. 1896 00:41:52,409 --> 00:41:53,677 ARE WE ALONE IN THE WORLD? 1897 00:41:53,677 --> 00:41:54,879 AND, UH, THESE ARE-- THESE ARE 1898 00:41:54,879 --> 00:41:55,813 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS FOR US 1899 00:41:55,813 --> 00:41:56,714 TO ANSWER. 1900 00:41:56,714 --> 00:41:57,514 >> WONDERFUL. 1901 00:41:57,514 --> 00:41:58,549 MARK, ANY-ANY FINAL THOUGHTS 1902 00:41:58,549 --> 00:41:59,850 BEFORE WE WRAP UP? 1903 00:41:59,850 --> 00:42:01,151 >> I-I THINK THERE'S SOME OTHER 1904 00:42:01,151 --> 00:42:02,920 THINGS ABOUT NASA THAT, UH, 1905 00:42:02,920 --> 00:42:04,955 I KNOW CHANGED MY LIFE. 1906 00:42:04,955 --> 00:42:05,823 YOU KNOW, I REMEMBER THE FIRST 1907 00:42:05,823 --> 00:42:07,491 PICTURES FROM MERCURY AND GEMINI 1908 00:42:07,491 --> 00:42:09,026 ABOUT THE EARTH FROM SPACE, 1909 00:42:09,026 --> 00:42:09,994 WHICH CHANGED-- WHICH 1910 00:42:09,994 --> 00:42:10,995 NO ONE HAD SEEN BEFORE, 1911 00:42:10,995 --> 00:42:12,663 SO IT CHANGED OUR WHOLE IDEA. 1912 00:42:12,663 --> 00:42:14,198 AND THEN AS JIM IN AN EARLIER 1913 00:42:14,198 --> 00:42:15,199 SPEECH TODAY WAS TALKIN' ABOUT 1914 00:42:15,199 --> 00:42:17,401 APOLLO 8, AND I REMEMBER 1915 00:42:17,401 --> 00:42:18,569 SEEING THE EARTH COME UP 1916 00:42:18,569 --> 00:42:20,004 OVER THE LIMB OF THE MOON, 1917 00:42:20,004 --> 00:42:21,972 AND REMEMBERING WHAT THAT FELT 1918 00:42:21,972 --> 00:42:23,073 LIKE TO SEE OURSELVES 1919 00:42:23,073 --> 00:42:24,541 IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM 1920 00:42:24,541 --> 00:42:25,576 FROM A DISTANCE. 1921 00:42:25,576 --> 00:42:27,177 IT CHANGED EVERYBODY'S IDEA OF 1922 00:42:27,177 --> 00:42:28,078 KIND OF HOW IMPORTANT 1923 00:42:28,078 --> 00:42:29,280 THE EARTH WAS. 1924 00:42:29,280 --> 00:42:30,881 THOSE WERE-- REALLY CHANGED 1925 00:42:30,881 --> 00:42:31,882 OUR WHOLE PERCEPTION. 1926 00:42:31,882 --> 00:42:33,150 I REMEMBER WHEN, UH, 1927 00:42:33,150 --> 00:42:34,618 BOB CABANA AND SERGEI KRIKALEV 1928 00:42:34,618 --> 00:42:35,486 WENT TOGETHER THROUGH 1929 00:42:35,486 --> 00:42:36,987 THE-THE HATCH OF THE-- 1930 00:42:36,987 --> 00:42:37,988 OF THE NODE THE FIRST TIME 1931 00:42:37,988 --> 00:42:38,923 ON SPACE STATION, RIGHT, 1932 00:42:38,923 --> 00:42:39,924 JOINING TOGETHER. 1933 00:42:39,924 --> 00:42:41,926 SO I THINK THOSE IMAGES, UH, 1934 00:42:41,926 --> 00:42:42,860 ALONG WITH THE DISCOVERIES, 1935 00:42:42,860 --> 00:42:44,094 THOSE IMAGES, I THINK, 1936 00:42:44,094 --> 00:42:44,995 CAN CHANGE THE WAY 1937 00:42:44,995 --> 00:42:46,063 WE SEE OURSELVES AND THE WORLD 1938 00:42:46,063 --> 00:42:46,864 AND CAN BE REALLY, 1939 00:42:46,864 --> 00:42:47,531 REALLY IMPORTANT. 1940 00:42:47,531 --> 00:42:48,332 AND I THINK WITH THIS NEW 1941 00:42:48,332 --> 00:42:49,333 EXPLORATION CAMPAIGN, 1942 00:42:49,333 --> 00:42:50,234 WE'RE GONNA SEE MANY MORE OF 1943 00:42:50,234 --> 00:42:50,968 THOSE THINGS. 1944 00:42:50,968 --> 00:42:51,602 >> THAT'S WONDERFUL. 1945 00:42:51,602 --> 00:42:52,937 THIS IS SUCH AN EXCITING TIME. 1946 00:42:52,937 --> 00:42:53,837 JIM AND MARK, THANK YOU 1947 00:42:53,837 --> 00:42:55,005 SO MUCH FOR COMING ON THE SHOW 1948 00:42:55,005 --> 00:42:55,873 AND-AND SHARING 1949 00:42:55,873 --> 00:42:57,207 THESE WONDERFUL INSIGHTS. 1950 00:42:57,207 --> 00:42:58,008 IT'S REALLY A PLEASURE 1951 00:42:58,008 --> 00:42:58,842 TO TALK TO YOU TODAY. 1952 00:42:58,842 --> 00:42:59,376 >> AWESOME. 1953 00:42:59,376 --> 00:43:00,244 THANK YOU SO MUCH, GARY.